Junior Inter Mathematics 1B Study Plan and Exam Tips for Andhra and Telangana Boards - Part 2

Matrices: Theorems and problems related to find the inverse of a given matrix and solving equations by matrix-inversion method are very much important for a good score. At the same time, students may find difficulty in solving the equations by Gauss-Jordan method. Proper understanding of the steps involved in this method will help students to solve them easily. The concept of the rank of a given matrix is useful in verifying the consistency or non-consistency of the equations. Overall, this chapter is very much helpful in scoring maximum marks.

Also Read: Jr Inter Maths 1B Preparation Plan - Part 1

Vector Algebra:

"Vector Algebra" is the newly introduced unit for Junior Inter students in Paper-A. The knowledge of fundamentals regarding addition of vectors and product of vectors is applicable in the study of physics for MPC students. For MEC students, this chapter will help score marks in the examinations. Content wise, this chapter is easily understandable and marks wise, students can get more marks with less effort. Hence, MPC and MEC students are advised to concentrate on this new unit.

Trigonometry:

Paper-A becomes more significant because of the unit called "Trigonometry". A section of students in tenth class used to ignore this unit because of the number of formulae involved in it. More number of formulae are involved in Intermediate level also. So, students cannot afford to ignore this unit at this stage. Various definitions, formulae and graphical representations make trigonometry a vast chapter.

Trigonometry has its own significance in terms of applications in calculus of Paper-B. Students are expected to solve the problems in the exercise 6(b) of Telugu Academi Text Book. Articles 6.1.14, 6.1.15, 8.1.4 and 8.2 of
the text book need a repeated practice by the students in order to gain knowledge of trigonometric functions.

Trigonometric equations:

'Trigonometric equations', Inverse Trigonometric Functions' and 'Hyperbolic Functions' are the there chapters that require attention for the purpose of getting marks. The properties and graphical structures are very important in terms of their applications in higher courses. Easier problems are expected even in competitive examinations from these three chapters.

Properties of Triangles:

The last chapter in Paper-A is 'Properties of Triangles'. The heading of the chapter itself is an indication that students will be studying various properties of triangles involving many formulae. These formulae are to be
memorised time to time. Formulae related to in-circle and ex-circle are very important for attempting textual exercise problems. Standard questions are set from this chapter and there is every scope of students getting
good marks.

Junior Inter Maths 1B Study Plan and Important Topics and Tips for AP and Telangana Students - Part 1

MATHEMATICS is the key subject in two-year Intermediate course for MPC and MEC groups students. With a proper study and preparation plan, they can score good marks in the public examinations. "Practice makes mathematics student perfect" is the saying now-a-days in the present education system. At the outset, let us congratulate the tenth class students who have successfully completed school education and stepped into collegiate education. It commences with junior collegiate education in the form of two-year Intermediate course. Two-year Intermediate course offers groups such as MPC, BPC, MEC, CEC, HEC.

Also Read: Junior Inter Maths 1B Study Plan and Tips - Part 2

Preference is given to first three groups as students are aspiring to become engineers, doctors, charted accountants now-a-days. Their ambition will come true only if the studies are continued with a proper plan and perfect approach to examinations.

Syllabus Contents:

Board of Intermediate education prescribed syllabus in two-year mathematics subject in the form of mathematics-IA, IB, IIA, IIB. Text Books are also made available separately for both the years accordingly. The contents of
the first year syllabus can be found in the text books as follows:

Mathematics - I A

Algebra: 1. Functions 2. Mathematical Induction 3. Matrices

Vector Algebra: 4. Addition of Vectors 5. Product of Vectors

Trigonometry: 6. Trigonometric ratios upto transformations 7. Trigonometric equations 8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9. Hyperbolic Functions 10. Properties of Triangles

Mathematics - I B

Coordinate geometry:
1. Locus
2. Transformation of Axes
3. The straight line
4. Pair of Straight Lines
3-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry:
5. Three Dimensional coordinates
6. Direction cosines and Direction Ratios
7. The Plane

Calculus:
8. Limits and Continuity
9. Differentiation
10. Application of Derivatives.

Question Paper Pattern:

The pattern of each question paper is that it will contain sections A, B and C for a maximum of 75 marks with the time limit of 3 hours. Section-A will contain 10 questions each of 2 marks. Students will have to answer all the questions for 10 × 2 = 20 marks. Section-B will contain 7 questions each of 4 marks. Students will be asked to
answer any 5 questions, thus for 5 × 4 = 20 marks. Also, Section - C contains 7 questions, each of 7 marks. Students will have to attempt any 5 questions, this time for 5 × 7 = 35 marks. Thus, the question paper contains
in all 24 questions worth 97 marks. Students will attempt 20 questions worth 75 marks. In this context, it is reminded that 27 out of 75 is a pass mark. While 47 is a first class mark, 67 out of 75 stands for distinction marks in any paper. Same question paper will be supplied to MEC students also. But in their marks memo, marks scored will be calculated and posted for 50 marks in each of the two papers of mathematics.

Chapter Wise Analysis:

Let us now begin to analyse the subject chapter wise and paper wise so that students can have a better study plan to fare well in the examinations.

Algebra Unit:

In the Algebra unit, the first chapter is 'Functions'. Basics of functions have already been studied in school level. But here, functions are dealt with in detail. This chapter deals with definitions of different types of functions, their properties, theorems based on the properties etc. Knowing about the domain and range of real valued functions is of very much use in calculus of paper-1(B). Graphical representations describe the nature of functions clearly. Certain theorems related to composite functions are very important in the examination point of view.

Students are advised to learn deeply about modulus of a function, signum function, step function, implicit function, parametric function, function of a function so as to have a good understanding about differentiation in
calculus.

The second chapter is 'Mathematics Induction'. This chapter states about principle of mathematical Induction which is used in proving various theorems in algebra, trigonometry and calculus. Many important theoretical problems are tackled using this principle in algebra in the chapter "Matrices". Various mathematical statements and their proofs are verified by using induction principle. All the exercise problems in the text book are important and one question is expected in the examinations.

Matrices:

"Matrices" is a familiar chapter to the students from the school level study itself. Hence, students will consider this to be an easier chapter. However in inter level, the study of matrices is more theoretical and
analytical. The definitions and theorems on various types of matrices inculcate interest while reading. Special interest in the study of matrices lies in the study of 'determinants'.

The properties of determinants are useful in other branches of mathematics also. The coplanarity of vectors, the concurrency of straight lines etc., are well verified by using the properties of determinants. Students are advised to thoroughly solve all the problems related to determinants.

Junior Inter Zoology Chapter -wise Weightage, Study Plan and Important Tips to Score Good Marks

Generally, the aim of a student joined in Intermediate Bi. P. group is to secure a seat in a reputed Medical College to study M.B.,B.S. or other allied Medical Course. To get a seat in M.B.,B.S. one has to face the National Eligibility Entrance Test (NEET) and secure a good rank. Hence, while preparing for Intermediate Public Examination (IPE), critical, analytical and planned study is required.

In IPE, the Zoology Paper is for 60 marks. Out of the 60 marks, 20 marks are allocated for Very Short Answer Questions [VSAQ : 10 questions × 2 marks], 24 marks are allotted for Short Answer Questions [SAQ : 6 questions × 4 marks] and 16 marks for Long Answer Questions [LAQ : 2 questions × 8 marks]. The syllabus of Zoology is divided into 8 Units. Weightage (approximate) of Marks for each unit is given below:

Chapter-wise Weightage:

As there is no choice for VSAQ, all questions should be answered. To answer these questions, all topics are to be understood clearly, read thoroughly and remember the subject matter. Answer for these questions must be direct and brief. For example...

Q. A person is suffering from bowel irregularity and abdominal pain. His stools contains blood and mucus. Based
on these symptoms, name the disease and the causative organism.

Ans. a. Disease : Intestinal amoebiasis / Amoebic dysentery.
b. Causative organism: Entamoeba histolytica Eight SAQ will be given. One has to answer any six in 15-20 lines each. Some questions are related to drawing the diagram and labelling also. Answer for some SAQ may not be in 20 lines and for some, it may be more than 20 lines. Hence, do not count the number of lines. Write the perfect and complete answer. If diagram is asked, draw it with a sharply pointed pencil and label the parts towards right side. If space is not sufficient, write on left side also. Generally diagrams are asked from the units II and VII.

Regarding LAQ, three questions will be given. You have to answer any two which are familiar to you. Each answer should be in 45-60 lines. Illustrations are also necessary for these questions. This type of questions
are selected from the units II, VI, VII and VIII.

Syllabus and Questions

I. Zoology - Diversity of Living World

Generally a two marks question will be given from this unit from branches of Zoology, species, nomenclature etc.
Four marks question is generally given from basic concepts of classification, species concept and biodiversity.

II. Structural Organisation in animals

From the topics symmetry-types, body cavitytypes two and four marks questions are common. From animal tissues, two and four marks, diagram related questions and sometimes eight marks question may be asked.

III. Animal Diversity - I

This unit is related to the characters and classification of non-chordates. Two and four marks questions are asked from this unit. To study the characters, classification; characters of different classes and examples -
one has to prepare tables with the help of your text book. Hence, it becomes easy to remember the features and examples.

IV. Animal Diversity - II

From this unit two and four marks questions are asked from the characters, classification and examples of chordates. As in unit III, prepare tables with the help of your text book. So that it becomes easy to
remember the things.

V. Locomotion and reproduction in protozoans

Generally two and four marks questions will be given from this unit. Prepare tables regarding locomotory organelles and examples of protozoans and study them. Study the mechanisms of locomotion. Practice the diagrams of Euglena and Paramoecium. Read the transverse and longitudinal binary fission and definition of conjugation.

VI. Biology in Human welfare

As more marks are allocated to this unit, concentrate much on this unit. Study the types of parasites, hosts, effects of parasites on their hosts thoroughly. Keep special attention on structure, life history
and pathogenecity of Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium, Ascaris and Wuchereria. Also study the symptoms, causative organism and control of typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold and ring worm disease besides TDA abuse. All the three types of questions will be given in this unit.

VII. Periplaneta americana (Cockroach)

This unit contains structure, locomotion and body systems of cockroach. From the body systems eight marks question may be asked. Practice all diagrams thoroughly for a four marks question. As this unit is also allocated by more marks, much attention is needed.

VIII. Ecology and Environment

Like units VI and VII, for this unit also more marks are allotted. At the same time, quantity of subject matter is also more. As all the topics are related the activities going on around us, understanding these topics
is very easy and interesting also. Different definitions, abiotic factors in ecosystem and their effects on organisms; population interactions, adaptations, food chains, food web, energy flow, nutrient cycles, pollution
etc. need special attention. All the three types of questions will be given in this unit. While reading concentrate your mind on the Lesson. Victory is yours

Remember these:

You have to read more and more. To acquire good knowledge on particular topics you have to read more. Make note of points of what you read. Because it's all about Latin and Greek terms and terminologies
in Zoology.

Get the latest edition of Zoology Text Book Published by the Telugu Akademi / Board of Intermediate Education for reference and thorough study of the topics.

You have to practice a much. Write the answers again and again. It seems laborious and old fashioned but one advantage through practice is you can improve your writing skills and your writing speed increases.

An important aspect in Zoology is diagrams. Diagrams are the key factors during your exam preparation. If you study a topic straight, you might not understand it, but with diagram, the same concept can
understood well. And during exams, one method which would more appropriate is, draw the diagram first, you can explain the concept easily referring to the diagram, chances of missing the points will be less.

Develop patience. Every concept cannot be easily understood. If any concept is taking more time, leave it and begin with easy one. It will build your confidence and you can take on the earlier concept with ease.

Start preparing as early as possible. Do not wait till the end. Opening the book at the last moment makes you panic and results in great disappointment.

Junior Intermediate Physics Chapter - wise Marks Weightage and Study Plan for 2017 - 2018

Every student who wants to study Physics seriously, must collect and revise frequently all the basic formulae with detailed description along with related units from all the chapters (Follow the prescribed text book for this task.) Don't forget that text book reading is mandatory. Keenly go through every paragraph of each chapter/ subtopic.

How to avoid Physics-O-Phobia?

Physics cannot exist without the continuous and compulsory support of Mathematics.
Mathematics is the back bone of Physics. A student who wants to get a glamourous score (especially in competitive exams like IIT-JEE, NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER, EAMCET etc.,) in Physics, must have thorough working knowledge of school level Mathematics. The algebra, the trigonometry, the geometry and elementary ideas from calculus are much needed.

Have good grip over the mathematical formulae from the above said topics to avoid, physics-O-Phobia. Finally remember "Mathematics is the Language of Physics."

Go through solved examples, Summary and points to ponder (given at the end of each
chapter.)

For answering objective questions in Physics successfully and rapidly in various competitive exams, every student must have sound knowledge in following areas: Angles, directions, conversion of units, ratios (percentage of changes) and hand rules (Right hand rule & left hand rule).

Derivatives & integrals.

Work seriously on various graphs related to the chapters (Chapters 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13 & 14 from Text book).

For fast calculations while answering objective questions it is worth remembering various physical constants in a easy way

5. System of particles and Rotational motion (Chapter 7)
6. Oscillations (Chapter 8)
7. Thermodynamics (Chapter 13)

One must have good grip on vectors (Addition, Resolution, Scalar multiplication with a vector, Dot Product & cross product).

First year chapters linked with Second year chapters:

Oscillations (Linked with Waves, Wave optics & Electromagnetic Waves of Second Year).

Motion in straight line, Motion in a plane, Work Energy & Power are core chapters which are connected to second year topics like motion of charged particle through electric, magnetic fields & their combined fields.

Thermodynamics, Thermal expansion of Gases & kinetic theory are chemistry overlapped chapters (one shot two birds!!)

Some useful tips for competitive exams:

Don't neglect the chapter like physical World, units & Measurements, Kinetic Theory.

From the chapter "Physical World," questions on fundamental forces of nature, contribution of Indian Scientists (Sir C.V.Raman, S.Chandra Sekhar, J.C.Bose, S.N.Saha, S.N.Bose, H.J.Bhabha) are expected.

Ex. 1. The correct ascending order of fundamental forces of nature is - (To answer this remember GWESi: Gravitational Force, Weak nuclear Force, Electromagnetic Force & Strong Nuclear Force is increasing order).

2. The discovery of C.V.Raman is "in the field of inelastic scattering of light by molecules of a medium (Raman effect)."

Concentrate on link between technology & Physics (Table 1.2 in page No. 7 of I Year Text Book July, 2017 edition).

Junior Intermediate Chemistry Study Plan - PART 2 for Telangana and AP Students

Following is the Chemistry (Junior Intermediate) study plan for the students of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Intermediate Boards. This is PART 2 of the study plan. You can see PART 1 in the lables mentioned below this topic.

See PART 1: Junior Inter Chemistry Study Plan - PART 1

Chemical Equilibrium and Acids - Bases (2 + 4 Marks):

For I.P.E: SAQs: 1) Lechatlier's principle (def. & synthesis of SO3 & NH3) 2) Kc, Kp relation for SO3, NH3 equilibria 3) Lewis theory 4)
Buffer solutions (def, types, examples, buffer action, problems) 5) Salt Hydrolysis def. & nature of 3 types of salt solutions 6) Solubility
- Solubility product - common ion effect and intext questions 7.14, 7.15, 7.17, 7.25 to 7.28.

VSAQs: 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 24, 26, 30, 31, 69. Intext Questions: 7.2, 7.5, 7.7, 7.11, 7.14, 7.15, 7.17, 7.25 to 7.28.

For competitive exams: QC & KC, KC & KP relation, problems on pH, Kw, Ka, Kb, Kc, Ksp, buffer solutions and salt hydrolysis of different salts.

Hydrogen & Its Compounds (4 Marks):

For IPE: SAQs: 1) Utility of H2 as fuel 2) Temporary & Permanent hardness of water calgon (or ion exchange method). 3) All types of hydrides 4) Oxidising and reducing properties of H2O2. 5) Preparation of H2O2 by auto oxidation method & electrolytic method.

VSAQs: There is a possibility of asking two 2 marks questions like What is syn gas/ Coal gasification/ Auto protolysis/ Uses of D2O/ M.P., B.P. of D2O/ 3 isotopes of H/ Use of H2 in welding of high melting metals/ Water is amphoteric in Bronsted sense/ Why B.P. of H2O is greater than H2S?
Chapter end questions: 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 33.

For competitive Exams: Types of hydrides, problems on H2O2 & Hardness of water. Comparison of physical properties of H2 & D2, H2O & D2O, Calgon & ion exchange methods.

Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals (2 + 2 Marks):

For IPE: VSAQs: Biological importance of Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Lesson end questions: 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14 to 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 43. Why is KO2 is paramagnetic? What is the Oxi. state of K in KO2?

For competitive exams: Order of hydrated ions size, order of density, SRPs, reducing strength, solubility, lattice enthalpies of IA metals, Na-K pump, IA, IIA metal solutions in NH3 (liq.), Uses of Cu-Be, Mg-Al alloys, Mg CO3. It is advisable to make notes of key points & trends of periodic properties (especially anamalous properties) of 1st to 18th groups.

Group -13 Elements (2 + 2 or 4 Marks):

For I.P.E.: SAQs: 1) Borax bead test 2) Structure of Diborane 3) Preparation & Chemical Properties of B2H6.

VSAQs: 1) Formula of borazine & Its common name. 2) Inert pair effect def. Stability of Tl +1 Salts. 3) Hybridisation of B in Borazine &
Diaborane. 4. Structure of Borazole & Orthoboric acid.

For competitive exams: Physical properties, Inert pair effect, structural aspects of diborane, borax, boric acid, chemical properties of diborane, borax bead test, in text, inbox questions.

Group - 14 Elements (2 + 2 or 4 Marks):

For I.P.E: SAQs: 1) Difference in properties of diamond and graphite 2) Write a short note on allotropy, catenation, inert pair effect, green house effect.

VSAQs: 1 to 31, 34d, 41, 42, 43c, 44, 45a, b, 48, 50 a, b, c, uses of Zeolites, silicones, what are fullerenes? CCl4 doesn't dissolve in water but SiCl4 dissolves. Why?

For competitive exams: Inert pair effect, uses & structures of Silicates, Silicones, Zeolites, pH of H2CO3/H2CO3 − system, structure of fullerene, Types of Oxides, hydrolysis of compounds.

Environmental Chemistry (2 + 2 Marks):

For I.P.E.: VSAQs: Sink, receptor, BOD, COD, pollutant, contaminant, TLV, Eutrophication, BOD values of clean and polluted water, DO (def. values of cold water & air), green house effect, acid rains (def.,
gases, causes, ill effects), chapter end questions 23, 29, 1, 2, 6, 15, 17.

For competitive exams: All key points.

Organic Chemistry (2 + 4 + 4 or 2 + 8 = 10 Marks):

Organic chemistry is the 'brain of chemistry' as it is well connected to fundamentals of other lessons like chemical bonding. Highest weightage is given to this lesson. Once the logic of this lesson is known, one can score good marks in all types of exams. It is very essential to learn all the basics, concepts & their applications to score good marks in
EAMCET, NEET, BITSAT, JEE Mains & Advanced like exams.

For I.P.E.: LAQs: 2 preparations & all chemical properties of C2H2, C2H4, C6H6

SAQs: 11 to 17, 32, 37, 39, 42, 43, 49, 57 and 59.

VSAQs: Isomers of C3H6O, What is polymerization?

IUPAC Nomenclature (names & structures), chapter end questions: 1 to 8, 27 and solved problems 13.1 to 13.12, 13.19, 13.20 to 13.25, 13.30, 13.34, 13.36, 13.38.

For competitive exams: Identification of prefix, root word, primary & secondary suffix in organic compounds make IUPAC nomenclature easier. All named reactions, qualitative & quantitative analysis calculations, reactions, types of isomerism, conformers of ethane, electron displacement reactions, directional influence of functional
groups in monosubstituted benzene, reaction mechanisms, conversions, bond parameters several revisions are required to retain Organic chemistry in mind.

Junior Inter Chemistry Study Plan for AP and Telangana Students - PART 1

A top ranker says that clear cut strategy, clarity of concepts, memorising the formulae and focussed preparation are essential for grand success. Systematic planning helps to get good score in competitive exams. By doing so one can reach the goal easily.

See PART - 2 here: Junior Inter Study Plan - Chemistry Part 2

Read Chemistry regularly early in the morning in order to retain chemistry for ever. Identify most repeated VSAQs (2 Marks), SAQs (4 Marks), LAQs (8 Marks) from previous I.P.E. papers. It is comfortable to answer in LAQs, SAQs and VSAQs order for 100% score in B.I.E. Most of the times some of the VSAQs are not repeated from few lessons, so one must learn all VSAQs given at chapter end, intext, inbox and solved questions.

For Very Short Answer Questions (SAQs - 2 Marks):

Put more efforts on States of matter, Stoichiometry, Thermodynamics, Chemical equilibrium & Acids-bases, Alkali & Alkaline earth metals, Group 13 & 14 elements, Environmental Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.

For Short Answer Questions (SAQs - 4 Marks):

Learn questions from States of matter, Stoichiometry, Thermodynamics, Chemical equilibrium and Acids - Bases, H2 & Its compounds, 13th & 14th groups, Chemical bonding and Organic Chemistry.

For Long Answer Questions (LAQs - 8 Marks):

3 LAQs are coming only from Atomic Structure, Classification of elements, Chemical bonding and Organic Chemistry.

Atomic Structure (8 Marks):

For I.P.E.: LAQs 1) 4 Quantum numbers 2) Postulates, limitations of Bohr's model of H atom, line spectrum of H atom.

For competitive exams: Rydberg's equation, work function, K.E., P.E., T.E., de Broglie, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle related problems and concepts. Quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, quantum mechanical model, radial nodes and angular nodes.

Classification of Elements And Periodicity in Properties (8 Marks):

For I.P.E: LAQs 1) I.E.1 & I.E2, Comparison, Factors effecting 2) s, p, d, f block elements 3) Periodic property def. & their variation in
group & period- I.E, E.N., E.G.E., atomic radius, nature of oxides.

For competitive exams: Criss - Cross rule, position of elements, valency, types of radii, iso electronic and all the periodic properties
(exceptions trends in groups, periods and both).

States of Matter : Gases and Liquids (2 + 4 Marks):

For I.P.E.: SAQs: 1) Postulates of Kinetic molecular theory of gases 2) Deduction of gas laws: Avogadro, Boyle, Charle's, Dalton, K.E, Graham's law 3) Derivation of ideal gas equation 4) Graham's law (def. & problem) 5) Dalton's law (def. & problem) 6) 3 types of speeds (def. & problem) and solved problems 4.4 to 4.6.

VSAQs: 4, 10, 15, 18, 19, 22, 32 to 35, 42, 43, 45 and 4.7 to 4.10

For competitive exams: Vander Waal's equation, K.E., problems on 3 types of speeds, Graham's Law, Dalton's law and concepts of viscosity, Surface tension.

Stoichiometry (2 + 4 Marks):

Stoichiometry is heart of chemistry. Art of learning physical chemistry lessons and some of the Inorganic chemistry lessons are well linked with this lesson.

For I.P.E: SAQs: 1) Balancing of redox reactions in acid medium & basic medium 2) E.F. & M.F. related problems.

VSAQs: 1, 3, 5 to 8, problems on w-w, w-v, v-v and equivalent weights solved problems: 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6 to 5.9, 5.14 law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions.

For competitive exams: Significant figures, accuracy, precise, oxidation numbers, M, N, m, x, Eq. Wts, E.F., M.F., oxidising and reducing
agents, mole concept, stoichiometric calculations.

Thermodynamics (4 or 2 + 2 marks):

For I.P.E.: SAQs: 1) Hess's law 2) Cp − Cv = R 3) Problems on types of Enthalpies.
VSAQs: 2, 14, 22, 25, 29, 32, 37 and intext questions 6.3, 6.4, 6.11, 6.12.

For competitive exams: State function, path function, 1st, 2nd, 3rd laws of thermodynamics, entropy, enthalpy of formation, combustion, H, E, G related problems, criteria of spontaneity (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS linked), extensive and intensive properties.

Junior Inter Zoology Objective Multiple Choice Questions for EAMCET and NEET Exams

Following are objective multiple choice questions from Intermediate Zoology (Junior Intermediate) for entrance examinations like NEET, AP EAMCET and TS EAMCET. The objective questions are from chapters 1 - 5 of Junior Inter Zoology.

1. Match the following:
A. Hexactinellida I. Planula
B. Cnidaria II. Parapodia
C. Ctenophora III. Radula
D. Polychaeta IV. Cydippid
v. Euplectella
A B C D
1. V I IV III
2. V IV I II
3. V I IV II
4. II IV I V

2. Assertion (A): Amphioxus is included in Cephalochordata.
Reason (R): The notochord extends from posterior end to anterior end of the body beyond the nerve cord in anterior end.
1) A & R are true, R is correct explanation for A.
2) A & R are true, R is not correct explanation for A.
3) A is true, R is wrong.
4) A is wrong, R is true.

3. Study the following Statements.
a. Choanocytes are characteristic of Cnidarians
b. Sea anaemones are biradially symmetrical
c. Flame cell of flat worms primarily help in osmoregulation
d. Larva of hemichordates is tornaria
Among the above correct statement(s)
1) a, b, c, d 2) b, c, d 3) c, d 4) d

4. Match the following:
A) Haversian canal I) Kidney
B) Dendrites II) Cartilage
C) Sarcolemma III) Muscle
D) Chondrocytes IV) Nerve cells V) Bone

A B C D
1) IV V III II
2) III IV I II
3) V IV III II
4) II IV III V

5. Match the following:
A) Lobopodia I) Euslypha
B) Filopodia II) Astasia
C) Reticulopodia III) Actinophrys
D) Axopodia IV) Elphidium
V) Entamoeba
A B C D
1) III IV I V
2) I V IV III
3) II I IV III
4) V I IV III

6. Flagellum with two or more rows of lateral appendages is...
1) Pantonematic 2) Stichonematic
3) Acronematic 4) Pantacronematic

7. Hologamy is found in...
1) Plasmodium 2) Trichonympha
3) Vorticella 4) Euglena

Answers:

1-3
2-1
3-2
4-3
5-4
6-1
7-2

Inter First Year Zoology 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

IPE exams in AP and Telangana are fast approaching. Here are some important questions and answers from Junior Intermediate Zoology subject for AP and Telangana students. These are 4 marks questions from Zoology.

Q: Write salient features of anthozoans.
A: Anthozoa is one of the classes of Phylum Cnidaria.
i) Anthozoans are commonly called sea anemones.
ii) They are sedendary (only polypoid forms).
iii) Coelenteron is divided into chambers by vertical partitions called mesenteries.
iv) Cnidocytes are present in ectoderm and endoderm.
v) Germ cells are derived from endoderm.
Eg: Adamsia, Gorgonia, Pennatula

Q: What are the chief characters of crustaceans?
A: Crustacea is one of the classes of Phylum Arthropoda.
i) Crustaceans are aquatic arthropods
ii) Body is divisible into Cephalothorax and abdomen.
iii) Cephalic appendages include two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae.
iv) Respiratory organs are gills and excretory organs are green glands / antennary glands.
v) Typical larva is naupleus.
Eg: Palaemon, Daphnia

Q: What are the features peculiar to Ratitae birds? Give two examples.
A: i) Ratitae includes the modern fightless birds.
ii) They exhibit discontinuous distribution.
iii) Wings and flight muscles are reduced.
iv) Sternum is raft like & without keel.
v) Furcula, syrinx, preen glands etc. are absent.
vi) Male birds have penis.
vii) Hatchlings are precocial.
Eg: Struthio camelus, Dromaeus

Q: Name the following animals.
a) Limb less amphibian
b) The largest of all living animals
c) Flying fox d) National Animal of India
A: a) Icthyophis b) Balaenoptera
c) Pteropus d) Panthera tigris

Q: Compare and contrast the cartilagenous
fishes and bony fishes.
A:

Junior Intermediate Zoology Important Questions for 2 Marks - For AP and Telangana IPE Exams

Following are important short answer questions (SAQs) from Junior Intermediate Zoology subject for the students of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States. These are 2 marks important questions and answers.

Q: What is metagenesis? Animals belonging to which phylum exhibit metagenesis?
A: a) Alternation of generations in cnidarians that exist as polyp and medusa is known as metagenesis.
b) Phylum: Cnidaria

Q: Distinguish between amphids and phasmids.
A: a) The chemoreceptors present around oral region of nematodes are known as amphids.
b) The glandulo sensory structures present in the posterior part of many nematodes are known as phasmids.

Q: What is Aristotle's lantern? Give one example of an animal possessing it?
A: a) The five jawed masticatory apparatus present in the mouth of sea urchins (of echinoidea) is called Aristotle's lantern.
b) Echinus

Q: Write four salient features of cyclostomes.
A: a) Body of cyclostomes is long, slender, eel like and scale less.
b) Paired fins are absent.
c) Mouth is circular without jaws.
d) Tongue bears horny teeth.

Q: What are claspers? Which group of fishes possess them?
A: a) The copulatory processess developed on Pelvic fins of male cartilagenous fishes are called claspers.
b) Chondrichthyes.

Q: What are the golden ages of first jawed vertebrates and the first amniotes?
A: a) Golden age of first jawed vertebrates (= fishes) was Devonian period of Palaeozoic era.
b) Golden age of first amniotes (= reptiles) was Jurassic period of Mesozoic era.

Q: What are pneumatic bones? How do they help birds?
A: a) The bones with air cavities are known as pneumatic bones.
b) Pneumatic bones make the endoskeleton of birds light (one of the flight adaptations).

Q: How does mature RBC of a Mammal differ from that of other Vertebrates?
A: a) Mature RBC of mammals are circular and biconcave. Where as in other Vertebrates they are oval and convex.
b) Mature RBC of mammals are enucleated. But RBC of other Vertebrates are nucleated.

Q: Name the three meninges. In which group of animals do you find all of them?
A: a) Outer duramater, middle arachnoid mater and inner piamater
b) Mammalia

Q: What is botryoidal tissue?
A: Characteristic tissue (resembling a bunch of grapes) present in the coelom of hirudineans (Eg: Leech) is called botryoidal tissue. It is believed that this tissue helps in excretion; storage of iron,
calcium etc.

Q: What are the respiratory structures in Limulus and Palamnaeus?
A: a) Respiratory organs of Limulus: Book gills
b) Respiratory organs of Plamnaeus: Book lungs

Inter First Year Botany Important 2 Marks Questions - 6 to 8 Chapters

Following are important 2 marks questions and answers for IPE exams of Botany subject for both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh students. The questions and answers are from 6-8 chapters of Inter First Year Botany.

1. What is meant by heterospory? Mention the two types of spores developed in an angiospermic plant.
A: Production of two types of spores by a plant is called heterospory. Microspores and megaspores.

2. Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms?
a) Date palm b) Coconut c) Chara d) Marchantia
A: Date palm - dioecious
Coconut - monoecious
Chara - monoecious
Marchantia - dioecious

3. What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilization?
a) ovary b) stamens c) ovules d) calyx
A: Ovary - fruit
Stamens - fall off
Ovules - seeds
Calyx - falls off ( In plants like Solanum it is persistent after fertilization)

4. Define vivipary with an example.
A: Vivipary is the germination of the seeds while still attached to the mother plant.
Ex: Rhizophora (mangrove).

5. Name the component cells of the egg apparatus in an embryosac.
A: One egg cell. Two synergids.

6. Name the common functions that cotyledons and nucellus perform.
A: Both cotyledons and nucellus contain abundant food materials. The cotyledons provide food and energy to the germinating seed. The nucellus provides food for the growing embryo.

7. Name the parts of pistil which develop into fruit and seeds.
A: Ovary develops into fruit. Ovule develops into seed.

8. Which are the three cells found in a pollen grain when it is shed at the three celled stage?
A: One vegetative cell and Two male gametes.

9. What is self-incompatibility?
A: The inability of pollen to germinate on the stigma of the same flower is called self incompatibility or self-sterility. Ex: Abutilon

10. Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte take place.
A: Male gametophyte - pollen grain.
Female gametophyte (embryosac) - nucellus of the ovule.

11. What is meant by scutellum? In which type of seeds it is present?
A: The cotyledon of a monocot embryo is called scutellum. It is present in monocot seeds Ex: Grasses.

12. Define with examples endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.
A: Endospermic seeds - castor and coconut. Non endospermic seeds -
groundnut, beans and peas.

13. What is Omega Taxonomy?
A: The taxonomy which uses information from other sources like embryology, cytology, palynology, phyto chemistry, serology etc. along with morphological features is known as Omega Taxonomy.

14. What is natural system of plant classification? Name the scientists who followed it.
A: The system of classification that considers all possible morphological characters and their natural relationships is called natural system of classification. Bentham and Hooker followed this system.

15. Give the technical description of anthers of Allium cepa.
A: Anthers of Allium cepa are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and show longitudinal dehiscence.

16. What is geocarpy? Name the plant which exhibits this phenomenon.
A: Production of fruit inside the soil is called geocarpy. Arachis hypogea (groundnut).

17. Name the type of pollination mechanism found in members of Fabaceae.
A: Piston mechanism.

Junior Inter Botany 8 Marks Question and Answer from 6-8 Chapters

Jr Intermediate Botany - 8 Marks Question for AP and Telangana IPE Exams:0

Q: With a neat labeled diagram describe the parts of a mature angiosperm embryosac. Mention the role of synergids.

A: Embryosac or female gametophyte in many angiosperms is formed from a single functional megaspore.
This kind of development is called monosporic development.
The single megaspore divides by three nuclear (mitotic) divisions to produce 8 nuclei which become 7 celled later.

A typical angiosperm embryosac is thus 8 nucleated and 7 celled.
The eight nuclei organize into three regions: Egg apparatus, Antipodals and Central cell.
The egg apparatus is present at the micropylar end and contains one egg cell (female gamete) and two synergids with filiform apparatus.

Three antipodal cells are present at the chalazal end. These are the vegetative cells of the embryosac and degenerate before or after fertilization.

The large central cell has two polar nuclei.

Role of synergids:
The synergids guide the movement of pollen tube into them. They also direct the movement of one male gamete towards the egg cell for fertilization.

Junior Intermediate Botany 4 Marks Important Questions 6-8 Chapters

Junior Intermediate - Botany - 4 Marks Questions from 6-8 Chapters:

1. List the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilization.

A: Flower is the reproductive shoot which possesses androecium and gynoecium to produce
male and female gametes respectively. Depending on the type of plant species self or cross pollination takes place to transfer the pollen with male gametes to the stigma.

The pollination is followed by pollen tube entry into the ovule and embryosac and fertilization
of the male gamete with the egg cell in the embryosac. The changes that occur in a flower after fertilization are :

The calyx and corolla wither and fall off (Sometimes the calyx may be persistant)
Ex: Tridax, Brinjal
The stamens fall off.
The style and stigma fall off.
The ovary transforms into a fruit.
The ovules transform into seeds.
Zygote and endosperm are formed in the seed.

2. List three strategies that a bisexual chasmogamous flower can evolve to prevent self pollination (Autogamy).

A: Bisexual chasmogamous flowers prevent self pollination by the following out breeding devices:
a) Dichogamy: Maturation of androecium and gynoecium at different times in a flower is called Dichogamy. If the pollen is released before the stigma becomes receptive it is called Protandry.
Ex: Sunflower. If the stigma becomes receptive before the release of pollen it is called Protogyny. Ex: Datura.
b) Herkogamy: If the anthers and stigma are placed at different positions so that the pollen cannot come in stigma of the same flower it is called Herkogamy.
Ex: Gloriosa and Hibiscus.
c) Heterostyly: The styles of the flowers of the same species are in different heights.
Ex: Primula.
d) Self-sterility: The germination of self-pollen on the stigma is prevented. Ex: Abutilon.

3. Discuss the various types of pollen tube entry into ovule with the help of diagrams.
A: Pollen grains germinate on the stigma of the flower and produce pollen tube which carries male gametes towards the ovule and embryosac. The pollen tube is formed by the intine of the ovule and emerges through the pores in the exine and grows down into the style. Later it enters the ovule by any of the following methods:

Porogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle.
Mesogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through the integuments.
Chalazogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through the chalaza.

4. What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
A: During fertilization in angiosperms one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote. The second male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus present in the central cell. This fusion of three haploid nuclei (one male gamete and two nuclei in the secondary nucleus) inside
the embryosac is called triple fusion. Triple fusion takes place inside the embryosac. The nuclei involved in triple fusion are one male nucleus and two polar nuclei which has formed a diploid secondary nucleus.

5. Describe the essential floral parts of plants belonging to Liliaceae.
A: Androecium and gynoecium are the essential floral parts. In Liliaceae the androecium and gynoecium show the following features:

Androecium: Six stamens in two whorls of three each, free or epiphyllous (attached to
tepals), anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and show longitudinal dehiscence.

Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with ovules on axile placentation. Style is terminal, stigma trifid or capitate.

6. Describe the essential organs of Solanaceae.
A: Androecium and gynoecium are the essential organs in the flowers of Solanaceae.
Androecium: There are five stamens alternating with petals in epipetalous condition. The filaments are long. The anthers are dithecous, basifixed and introrse.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium with bilocular (unilocular in chillie) superior ovary with many ovules on swollen axile placenta. The carpels are arranged obliquely at 45°. Terminal style and stigma capitate.

7. Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
A: Economic importance of Fabaceae: The plants are a good source of proteins (pulses).
Ex: Cajanus, Cicer
Pods of beans are used as vegetables. Ex: Phaseolus
Edible oil is obtained from soya bean and groundnut. Ex: Arachis
Timber is produced by rose wood. Ex: Dalbergia
Blue dye from Indigofera and yellow dye from Butea are obtained.
Derris is used in medicine. Crotalaria, Phaseolus are used as fodder. Sesbania and Tephrosia are used as green manure.

Junior Intermediate Maths 1B Differentiation - Imp Questions and Answers

Following are important questions for Junior Intermediate Mathematics (Paper IB) for the AP and Telangana Intermediate Public Examinations.

Differentiation: Calculus deals with real valued functions. Real valued functions are defined over the set of real numbers. Differentiation is the first operation carried out on these functions.

IPE Junior Intermediate Chemistry Model Paper - March 2016

Following is Junior Intermediate Chemistry model question paper for IPE Exams in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to be conducted during March 2016. The duration of the exam is 3 hours and maximum marks are 60. The model paper is as per the new syllabus of Intermediate Boards of respective states.

SECTION - A
I. i) Answer ALL questions.
ii) Each carries TWO marks.
iii) All are very short answer type questions. 10 × 2 = 20

1. What is "Boltzman's constant"? Give its value.
2. All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases - Explain.
3. What are intensive and extensive properties?
4. The equilibrium constant for a reaction at 27°C is 10. Calculate Δ G° of the reaction (in Kilo Joules).
5. Explain the significance of Sodium and Potassium in biological fluids.
6. Calculate the mass of Sodium Carbonate required to prepare 250 ml of 0.5 N solution.
7. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal hydroxides in water increased down the group?
8. What is "Ozone hole"? Where was it first observed?
9. Name 2 oxides responsible for Green house effect? Name one ill effect of it.
10. Write structural formulae of
a) Neo-pentane b) Tetra-tert. butyl methane

SECTION - B

II. i) Answer any SIX questions.
ii) Each carries FOUR marks.
iii) All are short answer type questions. 6 × 4 = 24

11. Deduce a) Graham's law (b) Boyle's law from Kinetic gas equation.
12. Balance the following reaction by ion-electron method.
13. Derive the relation between Kc and Kp for the equilibrium reaction.
2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g)
14. Explain 2 oxidising and 2 reducing properties of Hydrogen Peroxide.
15. Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structure.
16. What is Borax? Explain the borax bead test with a suitable example.
17. Define hybridisation. Explain the structure of Sulphur hexa fluoride by hybridisation.
18. Calculate bond orders of N2 & O2. Among N2, O2 name the molecule with strongest bond and the molecule with lowest bond dissociation energy.

SECTION - C

III. i) Answer any TWO questions.
ii) Each carries EIGHT marks.
iii) All are long answer type questions. 2 × 8 = 16

19. State 2 postulates and 2 limitations of Bohr's atomic model. Explain the different lines in various series of Hydrogen Spectrum with a neat diagram.
20. Define I.E1 and I.E2. Why I.E2 is greater than I.E1? Discuss 4 factors affecting I.E. values of elements.
21. Explain the following with one suitable example each.
a) Wurtz reaction b) Markownikov's rule
c) Ozonolysis of C2H2, C2H4
d) Friedel - Craft's alkylation

Junior Inter Physics Model Question Paper with New Syllabus - 2016

Following is the Junior Intermediate Physics Model question paper for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Intermediate students appearing for the IPE exams in March 2016. The question paper is as per the new syllabus will have three sections A, B and C for a total of 60 marks. Duration of the exam is 3 hours.

Section - A

I. i) Answer ALL questions.
ii) Each carries 2 marks.
iii) All are very short answer type questions. 10 × 2 = 20

1. What is the contribution of S. Chandra Shekar to Physics?
2. The error in the measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%. What is the error percentage in the measurement of its volume?
3. Can a vector of magnitude zero have non-zero components?
4. Why does a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as a light rifle using the same cartridges?
5. What is Dynamic lift?
6. Define Pascal's law.
7. What is 'greenhouse effect'?
8. How skating is possible on ice?
9. When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas?
10. Four molecules of a gas have speeds 1, 2, 3 and 4 m/s respectively. Find the rms speed of the gas molecules.

SECTION - B

II. i) Answer any SIX questions.
ii) Each carries 4 marks.
iii) All are short answer type questions. 6 × 4 = 24

11. State parallelogram law of vectors. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the resultant vector.
12. A car travels the first third of distance with a speed of 10 kmph, the second third at 20 kmph and the last third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the entire distance?
13. Explain advantages and disadvantages of friction.
14. Find the vector product of two vectors.
15. What are geostationary and polar satellites?
16. Describe the behaviour of a wire under gradually increasing load.
17. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity.
18. Explain conduction and convection with examples.

SECTION - C

III. i) Answer any TWO of the following.
ii) Each carries 8 marks.
iii) All are long answer type questions. 2 × 8 = 16

19. State and prove law of conservation of energy in the case of a freely falling body.
A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of 600 m/s. If the mass of each bullet is 5g, find the power of the machine gun.

20. Define simple harmonic motion. Show that the motion of projection of a particle performing uniform circular motion, on any diameter, is simple harmonic.

21. Explain reversible and irreversible processes. Describe the working of Carnot engine. Obtain an expression for the efficiency.

Junior Inter Botany 2 Marks Questions from Chapters 12-13

Q: The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features:
a) The vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous
bundle sheaths.
b) Phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?
A: Monocot stem.

Q: Why xylem and phloem are called complex tissues?
A: Xylem and phloem are made up of more than one type of cells and these cells work
together as a unit. Hence they are called complex tissues.

Q: How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
A: Study of plant anatomy is useful to us for better understanding of tissue organization in the roots, stems and leaves.

Q: Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. If the protoxylem lies radially next to phloem, what kind of arrangement of xylem would you call it? Where do you find it?
A: Exarch xylem. It is found in Dicot and Monocot roots.

Q: What is the function of phloem parenchyma?
A: The phloem parenchyma stores food material and other substances like resins, latex
and mucilage.

Q: a) What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant to prevent
loss of water but is absent in roots?
b) What is the epidermal cell modification in plants which prevents water loss?
A: a) Cuticle
b) Multicellular trichomes. In monocot leaves Bulliform cells.

Q: What are the cells that make the leaves curl in plants during water stress? Give an
example.
A: Bulliform cells.
Ex: Grasses (Monocot leaf)

Q: What constitutes the vascular cambial ring?
A: Intra fascicular cambium and inter fascicular cambium.

Q: Give one basic functional difference between phellogen and phelloderm.
A: Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides and produces phellem (outside) and phelloderm
(inside).
The phelloderm or secondary cortex is parenchymatous and helps in storage.

Q: If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant are removed?
A: Periderm (Phelloderm, phellogen and phellem) and secondary phloem.

Q: Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why?
A: Since some soil or sediment is already present, climax stage is achieved quickly in
secondary succession.

Q: Among bryophytes, lichens and ferns which one is a pioneer species in a xeric succession?
A: Lichens.

Q: Give any two examples of xerarch succession.
A: Lichens, Bryophytes.

Q: Name the type of land plants that can tolerate the salinities of the sea.
A: Halophytes. Ex: Rhizophora.

Q: Define heliophytes and sciophytes. Name a plant from your locality that is either heliophyte or sciophyte.
A: Heliophytes: Plants that grow in direct sunlight.
Sciophytes: Plants that grow in shady places.
Ex: Pothos (Money plant)

Q: Define population and community.
A: Population: A group of similar individuals belonging to the same species found in an
area.
Community: A group of different populations in an area.

Q: Which part of the plant would show the following?
a) Radial vascular bundle b) Polyarch xylem
c) Well developed pith d) Exarch xylem

A: a) Roots b) Monocot roots
c) Monocot roots and dicot stems d) Roots

Junior Inter Botany 8 Marks Question from Chapters 12-13

Q: Describe the T.S of dicot stem.
A: The transverse section of a dicot stem shows: Epidermis, Cortex and Stele.
Epidermis: The epidermis is outer most protective layer covered by a cuticle. It may bear multicellular trichomes and stomata. It helps in protection, transpiration and
gaseous exchange.

Cortex: The cortex is the region between epidermis and stele. It is differentiated into: 1) Hypodermis 2) General cortex 3) Endodermis
The hypodermis is present below the epidermis and made up of collenchyma. It gives mechanical strength to young stems.

General cortex is parenchymatous with intercellular spaces. It helps in assimilation and
storage. The inner most layer of cortex is endodermis also called starch sheath. It
stores starch.

Stele: The stele is the central conducting cylinder and occupies large area in the stem.
It is differentiated into: 1) Pericycle 2) Vascular bundles 3) Medulla 4) Medullary rays
Pericycle is in the form of a semi lunar patch of Sclerenchyma above the vascular bundle.
The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring (eustele). Each vascular bundle is collateral, conjoint, open (cambium present between xylem and phloem) with endarch xylem.
Xylem is present towards centre and phloem towards periphery separated by cambium. Pith is large and parenchymatous at the centre and radiates as medullary rays in between the vascular bundles.

Junior Intermediate Imp Questions for 4 Marks - Botany Chapters 12-13

Q: Define plant succession. Differentiate primary and secondary successions.
A: The gradual change in the composition of species in a given area is called ecological succession.

Plant succession may occur through xerosere or hydrosere. When plant succession starts on a bare rock it is called xerosere. When it starts on an aquatic habitat it is called hydrosere.

The sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called seres.
If the succession starts where no living organisms ever existed like bare rock it is
called primary succession.
Ex: Cooled lava, bare rock, newly created reservoir or pond. It takes long period to
reach a climax community in primary succession.

If the succession starts in an area where organisms were existing but somehow lost is
called secondary succession. Ex: Abandoned farm lands, burned forests, flooded lands. Climax community is reached in less time when compared to primary succession.

Q: Define ecosystem / ecological services. Explain in brief with regard to pollination.
A: Ecosystem services or ecological services are the services provided by nature that are life supporting and life enhancing.
Ecosystem service - pollination: Pollination is an essential part of healthy ecosystem.
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of a flower to facilitate fertilization process.

In many plants pollination is carried out by different species of animals especially
insects. The pollination carried out through insects is called entamophily. The animals (insects) which carry out pollination are called pollinators.

They are very important to ensure fertilization and seed and fruit production in majority of our crop plants. Decline in pollinator activity results in loss of
crop yield. Nearly one lakh species of invertebrates and 1035 species of vertebrates act as pollinators. According to US Fish and Wildlife Service lists 50 pollinator species are threatened or endangered. Causes of decline in pollinators are deforestation and chemical pesticides.

Junior Inter Botany Important Questions for 4 Marks - Chapters 12-13

Q: State the location and function of different types of meristems.

A: Primary meristems: They are present at the tips of roots and shoots.
Function: They produce primary tissues and help in vertical growth.
Intercalary meristems: They are present between mature tissues.
Function: They regenerate parts removed by grazing animals.
Secondary or lateral meristems: They are present in mature regions of roots and shoots.
Ex: Vascular cambium in the stele and cork cambium in the cortex.
Function: They produce secondary tissues and help in radial growth.

Q: A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which are known as annual rings. How are these rings formed?
What is the significance of these rings?

A: During secondary growth the vascular cambium produces secondary xylem towards inside and secondary phloem towards outside. Secondary xylem formed during spring has more number of xylem vessels with wide lumens and called spring wood or early wood.

The secondary xylem formed during autumn season has less number of xylem vessels with narrow lumens and called autumn wood or late wood. The spring wood and autumn wood produced in one year appear as one concentric ring called as annual ring or growth ring.

Significance: Annual rings are useful to estimate the age of the tree approximately.

Q: Write the precise function of
a) Sieve tube b) Interfasicular cambium
c) Collenchyma d) Sclerenchyma

A: a. Sieve tube: Transport of food materials from leaves to other parts of the plant.
b. Interfasicular cambium: Formation of cambial ring and production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
c. Collenchyma: Mechanical support to young stems and petioles and assimilation of food.
d. Sclerenchyma: Provide mechanical support to organs.

Q: Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.
A: The tissues are organized into different tissue systems at different locations in the plant body. The three types of tissue systems are:

The epidermal tissue system: It consists of epidermis, stomata, cuticle, trichomes and root hair.

The ground tissue system (fundamental tissue system): The ground tissue system composes of all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles. It includes hypodermis or exodermis, general cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and medullary rays.

The vascular tissue system (conducting tissue system): The vascular tissue system consists of xylem, phloem and cambium.

Junior Intermediate Chemistry - Imp Questions for 4 Marks

Q: Write any 4 postulates of Kinetic molecular theory of gases. (4 M)
A: Collisions of gas molecules is perfectly elastic. Average Kinetic energy of the gas molecules ∝ T. There is no force of attraction between the molecules of the gas at normal P and T. Gas molecules move in all possible directions in straight lines but randomly.

Q: State Le Chatlier's principle. Explain the effect of temperature and pressure on the synthesis of NH3 by Haber's process.

A: If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is disturbed either by change in pressure or concentration or temperature, then the system will be shifted towards the direction in which the change is nullified or minimised

Effect of P: By increasing pressure upto 200 atm, equilibrium will be shifted from 4 moles side to 2 moles side to form more NH3.

Effect of T: Forward reaction is exothermic. Increase in 'T' favours backward reaction, decrease in 'T' makes rate of forward reaction slow. So an optimum temperature 725 K to 775 K is used to get more NH3.