Q: Describe the cell organelle which contains chlorophyll pigments.
A: Chloroplast: Chloroplast is the cell organelle which contains
chlorophyll pigments in the thylakoid membranes and carries out
photochemical reactions.
It is lens shaped and may be oval, spherical discoid or ribbon like
with a size of 5-10 µm (length) and 2-4 µm (width).
The double membrane of the chloroplast encloses a space called stroma.
A continuous system of tubules extends in the stroma called thylakoid
system. The thylakoids appear as membranous sacs and are stacked like
piles of coils called grana.
Flat membranous tubules called the stroma lamellae connect the
thylakoids of different grana.
The thylakoid membrane encloses a space called lumen. The
photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, b, xanthophyll and carotene are
present in the membrane.
The stroma contains enzymes of photosynthesis (carbohydrate synthesis)
and also shows DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes.
Q: Describe the structure and function of power houses of cell.
A: Mitochondria: The mitochondria are called power houses of cell as
they produce chemical energy in the form of ATP by oxidation of
glucose and
other food molecules.
The mitochondrion is sausage or cylindrical shaped organelle with a
size of 0.2 µm to 1.0 µm diameter and 1.0 µm to 4.1 µm length.
The outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane is folded into
finger like projections called cristae. The fluid filled portion
inside the double membrane is the matrix.
The matrix contains enzymes of Kreb's cycle, DNA, RNA and 70S
ribosomes. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains protein complexes
and enzymes related to electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Functions: Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in which
Kreb's cycle and electron transport take place. They produce cellular
energy in the form of ATP.
Mitochondria also take part in photorespiration. As they contain DNA,
RNA and 70S ribosomes they also prepare proteins.
Inter First Year Botany 2 Marks Imp Questions 9-11 Chapters
Q: Select an appropriate chemical bond among ester bond, glycosidic
bond, peptide bond and hydrogen bond and write against each of the
following.
a) Polysaccharide ............
b) Protein ............
c) Fat ............
d) Water ............
A: Polysaccharide - Glycosidic bond
Protein - Peptide bond
Fat - Ester bond
Water - Hydrogen bond
Q: Give one example for each of aminoacids, sugars, nucleotides and fatty acids.
A: Amino acids - Glycine
Sugars - Fructose
Nucleotides - Adenylic acid
Fatty acids - Palmitic acid
Q: Glycine and alanine are different with respect to one substituent
on the a-carbon. What are the other common substituent groups?
A: Hydrogen, carboxyl group and an amino group.
Q: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin are polysaccharides found among
the following. Choose the one appropriate and write against each.
a) Cotton fibre ............
b) Exoskeleton of cockroach ............
c) Liver ............
d) Peeled potato ............
A: Cotton fibre - Cellulose
Exoskeleton of cockroach - Chitin
Liver - Glycogen
Peeled potato - Starch
Q: What are primary and secondary metabolites? Give examples.
A: The organic compounds that have identifiable functions in the
living organisms are called primary metabolites.
Ex: aminoacids, sugars.
The organic compounds whole functions are not known in living
organisms are called secondary metabolites.
Ex: rubber, drugs, spices, scents, etc.
Q: Among prokaryote and eukaryotes which one has a shorter duration of
cell cycle?
A: Prokaryote
Q: Given that the average duplication time of E.coli is 20 minutes.
How much time will two E.coli cells take to become 32 cells?
A: 80 minutes.
Q: Which of the four chromatids of a bivalent at prophase-I of meiosis
can involve in cross over?
A: Non sister chromatids of a bivalent.
Q: An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must
have been there to produce them?
A: 300.
Q: Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis?
A: Gametogenetic tissue in animals (sperm mother cells, tissue of
ovary). Gametogenetic tissue, spore mother cells (microspore mother
cells and megaspore mother cells).
bond, peptide bond and hydrogen bond and write against each of the
following.
a) Polysaccharide ............
b) Protein ............
c) Fat ............
d) Water ............
A: Polysaccharide - Glycosidic bond
Protein - Peptide bond
Fat - Ester bond
Water - Hydrogen bond
Q: Give one example for each of aminoacids, sugars, nucleotides and fatty acids.
A: Amino acids - Glycine
Sugars - Fructose
Nucleotides - Adenylic acid
Fatty acids - Palmitic acid
Q: Glycine and alanine are different with respect to one substituent
on the a-carbon. What are the other common substituent groups?
A: Hydrogen, carboxyl group and an amino group.
Q: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin are polysaccharides found among
the following. Choose the one appropriate and write against each.
a) Cotton fibre ............
b) Exoskeleton of cockroach ............
c) Liver ............
d) Peeled potato ............
A: Cotton fibre - Cellulose
Exoskeleton of cockroach - Chitin
Liver - Glycogen
Peeled potato - Starch
Q: What are primary and secondary metabolites? Give examples.
A: The organic compounds that have identifiable functions in the
living organisms are called primary metabolites.
Ex: aminoacids, sugars.
The organic compounds whole functions are not known in living
organisms are called secondary metabolites.
Ex: rubber, drugs, spices, scents, etc.
Q: Among prokaryote and eukaryotes which one has a shorter duration of
cell cycle?
A: Prokaryote
Q: Given that the average duplication time of E.coli is 20 minutes.
How much time will two E.coli cells take to become 32 cells?
A: 80 minutes.
Q: Which of the four chromatids of a bivalent at prophase-I of meiosis
can involve in cross over?
A: Non sister chromatids of a bivalent.
Q: An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must
have been there to produce them?
A: 300.
Q: Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis?
A: Gametogenetic tissue in animals (sperm mother cells, tissue of
ovary). Gametogenetic tissue, spore mother cells (microspore mother
cells and megaspore mother cells).
Junior Inter Botany Important 2 Marks Questions from 9-11 Chapters
Q: What is the significance of vacuole in a plant cell?
A: In a plant cell the vacuole helps in storing water, air or food
materials. It may also store primary or secondary metabolites. In a
plant cell the tonoplast facilitates the transport of a number of ions
and other materials against concentration gradient (from low
concentration to high concentration) into a vacuole. Hence the
concentration is higher in vacuole than in the cytoplasm.
Q: What does 'S' refer in a 70S and 80S ribosome?
A: 'S' refers to sedimentation coefficient and it is expressed as Svedberg unit.
Q: Mention a single membrane bound organelle which is rich in hydrolytic
enzymes.
A: Lysosomes.
Q: What are gas vacuoles? State their functions.
A: Gas vacuoles are the vacuoles that store air or gases. They are
generally found in blue green, purple and green photosynthetic
bacteria. They help the bacteria to float on water (buoyancy).
Q: What is referred to as satellite chromosome?
A: The chromosome with a non-staining secondary constriction is called
a satellite chromosome. This chromosome shows a small rounded
structure at the end due to secondary constriction which is called a
satellite.
Q: What are microbodies? What do they contain?
A: Peroxysomes and glyoxysomes are called microbodies. Peroxysomes
contain enzymes involved in catabolism of fatty acids, synthesis of
phospholipids and photorespiration. Glyoxysomes contain enzymes of
glyoxylate cycle.
Q: What is middle lamella made of? What is its functional significance?
A: Middle lamella is made up of calcium pectate. It holds the
neighbouring cells together (works as cementing material between two
cells.)
Q: Which part of the bacterial cell is targeted in gram staining?
A: Cell envelop.
Q: Which of the following is correct?
a) Cells of all living organisms have nucleus.
b) Both animal and plant cells have a welldefined cell wall.
c) In prokaryotes, there are no membrane bound organelles.
d) Cells are formed de novo from abiotic materials.
A: c) In prokaryotes, there are no membrane bound organelles.
A: In a plant cell the vacuole helps in storing water, air or food
materials. It may also store primary or secondary metabolites. In a
plant cell the tonoplast facilitates the transport of a number of ions
and other materials against concentration gradient (from low
concentration to high concentration) into a vacuole. Hence the
concentration is higher in vacuole than in the cytoplasm.
Q: What does 'S' refer in a 70S and 80S ribosome?
A: 'S' refers to sedimentation coefficient and it is expressed as Svedberg unit.
Q: Mention a single membrane bound organelle which is rich in hydrolytic
enzymes.
A: Lysosomes.
Q: What are gas vacuoles? State their functions.
A: Gas vacuoles are the vacuoles that store air or gases. They are
generally found in blue green, purple and green photosynthetic
bacteria. They help the bacteria to float on water (buoyancy).
Q: What is referred to as satellite chromosome?
A: The chromosome with a non-staining secondary constriction is called
a satellite chromosome. This chromosome shows a small rounded
structure at the end due to secondary constriction which is called a
satellite.
Q: What are microbodies? What do they contain?
A: Peroxysomes and glyoxysomes are called microbodies. Peroxysomes
contain enzymes involved in catabolism of fatty acids, synthesis of
phospholipids and photorespiration. Glyoxysomes contain enzymes of
glyoxylate cycle.
Q: What is middle lamella made of? What is its functional significance?
A: Middle lamella is made up of calcium pectate. It holds the
neighbouring cells together (works as cementing material between two
cells.)
Q: Which part of the bacterial cell is targeted in gram staining?
A: Cell envelop.
Q: Which of the following is correct?
a) Cells of all living organisms have nucleus.
b) Both animal and plant cells have a welldefined cell wall.
c) In prokaryotes, there are no membrane bound organelles.
d) Cells are formed de novo from abiotic materials.
A: c) In prokaryotes, there are no membrane bound organelles.
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