Following are important short answer questions (SAQs) from Junior Intermediate Zoology subject for the students of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States. These are 2 marks important questions and answers.
Q: What is metagenesis? Animals belonging to which phylum exhibit metagenesis?
A: a) Alternation of generations in cnidarians that exist as polyp and medusa is known as metagenesis.
b) Phylum: Cnidaria
Q: Distinguish between amphids and phasmids.
A: a) The chemoreceptors present around oral region of nematodes are known as amphids.
b) The glandulo sensory structures present in the posterior part of many nematodes are known as phasmids.
Q: What is Aristotle's lantern? Give one example of an animal possessing it?
A: a) The five jawed masticatory apparatus present in the mouth of sea urchins (of echinoidea) is called Aristotle's lantern.
b) Echinus
Q: Write four salient features of cyclostomes.
A: a) Body of cyclostomes is long, slender, eel like and scale less.
b) Paired fins are absent.
c) Mouth is circular without jaws.
d) Tongue bears horny teeth.
Q: What are claspers? Which group of fishes possess them?
A: a) The copulatory processess developed on Pelvic fins of male cartilagenous fishes are called claspers.
b) Chondrichthyes.
Q: What are the golden ages of first jawed vertebrates and the first amniotes?
A: a) Golden age of first jawed vertebrates (= fishes) was Devonian period of Palaeozoic era.
b) Golden age of first amniotes (= reptiles) was Jurassic period of Mesozoic era.
Q: What are pneumatic bones? How do they help birds?
A: a) The bones with air cavities are known as pneumatic bones.
b) Pneumatic bones make the endoskeleton of birds light (one of the flight adaptations).
Q: How does mature RBC of a Mammal differ from that of other Vertebrates?
A: a) Mature RBC of mammals are circular and biconcave. Where as in other Vertebrates they are oval and convex.
b) Mature RBC of mammals are enucleated. But RBC of other Vertebrates are nucleated.
Q: Name the three meninges. In which group of animals do you find all of them?
A: a) Outer duramater, middle arachnoid mater and inner piamater
b) Mammalia
Q: What is botryoidal tissue?
A: Characteristic tissue (resembling a bunch of grapes) present in the coelom of hirudineans (Eg: Leech) is called botryoidal tissue. It is believed that this tissue helps in excretion; storage of iron,
calcium etc.
Q: What are the respiratory structures in Limulus and Palamnaeus?
A: a) Respiratory organs of Limulus: Book gills
b) Respiratory organs of Plamnaeus: Book lungs
10th Class English Grammar and Vocabulary - Adjectives and Pronouns Tips
Adjective: An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun and adds something to its meaning.
Eg: (i) English is a rich language (English - noun; rich - adjective)
(ii) Nigine is a small village. (Nigine - Noun: small - adjective)
Study the following sentences.
1. I don't like that boy. - Which boy?
2. Agasya bought a dozen bananas - How many bananas?
3. There is little time for preparation - How much time?
4. Saikrishna is a clever boy - Boy of what kind?
Kinds of Adjectives:
Adjectives may be classified into the following class. Study them.
Proper - Indian, Australian, Chinese, English
Descriptive - Red, big, tiny, sick, brave, cautious, honest etc.
Quantitative - Half, whole, much, little, no, some, any etc.
Numeral:
1) Definite - One, first, two, second, three, third etc.
2) Indefinite - Some, many, enough, several, sundry etc.
3) Distributive - Each, every, either, neither.
Demonstrative - This, these, that, those, same, such etc.
Interrogative - What, which, whose, etc.
Possessive - My, our, your, his, her, its, their
Emphasising - Own, very etc.
Exclamatory - What! etc.
Examples:
(i) Mr. Pasha shows much patience.
(ii) The whole money was deposited in the bank.
(iii) Sunday is the first day of the week.
Adjectives change in form to show comparison. They are called Degrees of
Comparison.
Examples:
(i) No other girl in the class is so intelligent as Sandhya. (Positive Degree)
(ii) Sandhya is more intelligent than any other girl in the class (Comparative Degree)
(iii) Sandhya is the most intelligent of all other girls in the class. (Superlative degree)
(iv) Sandhya is an intelligent girl in the class. (No degree)
Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Eg: Gangothri is a sensitive girl. She keeps her secrets with herself.
Here, she stands for Gangothri. We do not repeat the same word (Gangothri) in the immediate second sentence, so the pronoun 'she' is used instead of the noun (Gangothri).
Her and herself belong to the same girl; hence pronouns!
Note that the part of speech of a word changes according to the work it do in a
sentence.
Eg: 1. Who is your class teacher? Here, who is a question word.
2. Dr. C. Narayan Reddy, who is a poet, is coming to Boath tomorrow.
Here, who is a pronoun.
The Personal Pronouns are used thus;
1. Hemamalini gets her clothes pressed in Paris.
2. No one takes Agasya to school. She goes at her own.
3. My mother is not at home. She is in the farmhouse.
4. The wounded lion dragged itself to its cave.
5. We have occupied our seats. Have you occupied yours?
6. Ours is a Telugu Medium school.
Eg: (i) English is a rich language (English - noun; rich - adjective)
(ii) Nigine is a small village. (Nigine - Noun: small - adjective)
Study the following sentences.
1. I don't like that boy. - Which boy?
2. Agasya bought a dozen bananas - How many bananas?
3. There is little time for preparation - How much time?
4. Saikrishna is a clever boy - Boy of what kind?
Kinds of Adjectives:
Adjectives may be classified into the following class. Study them.
Proper - Indian, Australian, Chinese, English
Descriptive - Red, big, tiny, sick, brave, cautious, honest etc.
Quantitative - Half, whole, much, little, no, some, any etc.
Numeral:
1) Definite - One, first, two, second, three, third etc.
2) Indefinite - Some, many, enough, several, sundry etc.
3) Distributive - Each, every, either, neither.
Demonstrative - This, these, that, those, same, such etc.
Interrogative - What, which, whose, etc.
Possessive - My, our, your, his, her, its, their
Emphasising - Own, very etc.
Exclamatory - What! etc.
Examples:
(i) Mr. Pasha shows much patience.
(ii) The whole money was deposited in the bank.
(iii) Sunday is the first day of the week.
Adjectives change in form to show comparison. They are called Degrees of
Comparison.
Examples:
(i) No other girl in the class is so intelligent as Sandhya. (Positive Degree)
(ii) Sandhya is more intelligent than any other girl in the class (Comparative Degree)
(iii) Sandhya is the most intelligent of all other girls in the class. (Superlative degree)
(iv) Sandhya is an intelligent girl in the class. (No degree)
Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Eg: Gangothri is a sensitive girl. She keeps her secrets with herself.
Here, she stands for Gangothri. We do not repeat the same word (Gangothri) in the immediate second sentence, so the pronoun 'she' is used instead of the noun (Gangothri).
Her and herself belong to the same girl; hence pronouns!
Note that the part of speech of a word changes according to the work it do in a
sentence.
Eg: 1. Who is your class teacher? Here, who is a question word.
2. Dr. C. Narayan Reddy, who is a poet, is coming to Boath tomorrow.
Here, who is a pronoun.
The Personal Pronouns are used thus;
1. Hemamalini gets her clothes pressed in Paris.
2. No one takes Agasya to school. She goes at her own.
3. My mother is not at home. She is in the farmhouse.
4. The wounded lion dragged itself to its cave.
5. We have occupied our seats. Have you occupied yours?
6. Ours is a Telugu Medium school.
10th Class English Grammar and Vocabulary - Parts of Speech Tips
A verb is defined as a word that expresses the action of doing, being or possessing.
Examples:
(i) Birds fly. (action of doing)
(ii) Alexander was a great warrior (action of being)
(iii) Uttej has a foreign car. (action of possessing)
Regular Doing Verbs (RDV) are - do / does / did, take, see, write etc.
The forms of 'be' are - am / is, was, are, were etc.
Possessive forms are - have / has / had.
Verbs change their form according to the tense i.e., into Present Simple, Simple Past and Past Participle.
Eg: Take - took - taken and the like.
In addition to these verbs, Helping Verbs or Modals are there.
They are - may / might, will / would, can / could, shall / should etc.
Eg: (i) It may rain any moment.
(ii) Anil can swim well.
(iii) Nikitha won't come to school today.
(won't = will not)
Note that the modals (may, can, won't) are used with regular doing words (Verbs) (rain, swim, come respectively).
Adverb:
An adverb is a word which describes or adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Eg: Rakshith plays cricket well.
Most of the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives.
Eg: Beautiful (adj) - beautifully (adv)
Excellent (adj) - excellently (adv) etc.
But, good (adj) - well (adv)/ fast (adj) - fast (adv) etc.
The following are the main kinds of adverbs:
Time - Soon, Late, Already, Now, Then, Daily etc.
Place - In, Inside, Here, There, Outside, Below etc.
Degree - Much, More, Almost, Enough, Very, Too etc.
Manner - Well, Badly, Fast, Slowly, Quickly etc.
Number - Once, Twice, Always, Often, Some times, Never etc.
Eg: The underlined words are adverbs.
Study them.
(i) Come and sit here
(ii) The horse is a fast animal. It runs fast. (fast - adj; fast - adv)
(iii) The patient is almost dead.
(iv) 'You are late again'
(v) I go to movies once in a week.
Examples:
(i) Birds fly. (action of doing)
(ii) Alexander was a great warrior (action of being)
(iii) Uttej has a foreign car. (action of possessing)
Regular Doing Verbs (RDV) are - do / does / did, take, see, write etc.
The forms of 'be' are - am / is, was, are, were etc.
Possessive forms are - have / has / had.
Verbs change their form according to the tense i.e., into Present Simple, Simple Past and Past Participle.
Eg: Take - took - taken and the like.
In addition to these verbs, Helping Verbs or Modals are there.
They are - may / might, will / would, can / could, shall / should etc.
Eg: (i) It may rain any moment.
(ii) Anil can swim well.
(iii) Nikitha won't come to school today.
(won't = will not)
Note that the modals (may, can, won't) are used with regular doing words (Verbs) (rain, swim, come respectively).
Adverb:
An adverb is a word which describes or adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Eg: Rakshith plays cricket well.
Most of the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives.
Eg: Beautiful (adj) - beautifully (adv)
Excellent (adj) - excellently (adv) etc.
But, good (adj) - well (adv)/ fast (adj) - fast (adv) etc.
The following are the main kinds of adverbs:
Time - Soon, Late, Already, Now, Then, Daily etc.
Place - In, Inside, Here, There, Outside, Below etc.
Degree - Much, More, Almost, Enough, Very, Too etc.
Manner - Well, Badly, Fast, Slowly, Quickly etc.
Number - Once, Twice, Always, Often, Some times, Never etc.
Eg: The underlined words are adverbs.
Study them.
(i) Come and sit here
(ii) The horse is a fast animal. It runs fast. (fast - adj; fast - adv)
(iii) The patient is almost dead.
(iv) 'You are late again'
(v) I go to movies once in a week.
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