Collocation of Words: (Vocabulary)
There are many words in English which mean more or less the same. However, some of
them are used in formal written language whereas some are used in less formal writings
and also in informal speech. Here are some examples:
Formal - Informal
deliver - give
decline - refuse
cease - stop
conceal - hide
perform - do
fetch - bring
i) She was 'delivered' of a healthy baby.
ii) He 'gave' a nod to show his agreement.
Certain words in English are used together. For example, we say a 'tall' man, NOT a 'high' man. In the same way, a 'handsome' young man, but a 'beautiful' lady and a 'pretty' girl.
So we should be careful about using certain words which are often confused and misused.
The words 'say' and 'tell' are similar in meaning, but they are not used in the same
way.
We usually 'say' something, but 'tell' somebody something.
eg: i) Abhinav said that he knew my phone number.
ii) Bablu told his mother that she was wrong.
Big/ large/ great:
'Large' is more formal than 'big'.
Great often suggests quality, not size, as:
Big - house, car, problem, difference
Large - arc, part, family, home
Great - majority, leader, pleasure, surprise
Event/ incident/ happening:
All these words describe something that happens.
Event = something important or interesting.
eg: I still remember the memorable events of my college days.
Incident = something, not very important.
eg: The film 'The Train' is based on a real life incident.
Happening = something unusual or strange.
eg: Do you know about the strange happenings in the town these days?
January 6, 2014
January 5, 2014
Senior Inter Zoology 8 Marks Question - Unit 2
Q: Write notes on the working of heart of man. (8 marks)
A: The events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of next constitute a cardiac cycle. It can be divided into three phases (contraction of heart is called systole and relaxation is known as diastole).
1. Atrial Systole (0.1 sec): When the atria are filled with blood, action potential generates in sinoatrial node. Thus a wave of systole spreads over the atria. Hence atria contract.
It increases the flow of blood into ventricles by 30%. Normally blood flows into ventricles from atria without any systole. During atrial systole, deoxygenated blood
from right atrium flows into right ventricle. The oxygenated blood from left atrium flows into left ventricle.
2. Ventricular Systole (0.3 sec): The action potentials of sino-atrial node reaches the
atrio ventricular node, from where, they are conducted into walls of ventricles through
bundle of His and Purkinje fibres. Thus ventricles contract (at the same time, atria
undergo relaxation). When ventricles contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are
closed (to prevent backward flow of blood into atria) causing the first heart sound lub.
At the same time, deoxygenated blood from right ventricle flows into pulmonary arch and
oxygenated blood from left ventricle flows into the systemic arch.
3. Cardiac Diastole (0.4 sec): Now the ventricles relax. Thus pressure falls, resulting in the closure of semilunar valves at the bases of aortic arches causing second heart sound dup. When the pressure falls further, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open and blood from atria flows into ventricles freely. At this phase all the four chambers of heart are in relaxed state. Soon another cardiac cycle sets in.
A: The events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of next constitute a cardiac cycle. It can be divided into three phases (contraction of heart is called systole and relaxation is known as diastole).
1. Atrial Systole (0.1 sec): When the atria are filled with blood, action potential generates in sinoatrial node. Thus a wave of systole spreads over the atria. Hence atria contract.
It increases the flow of blood into ventricles by 30%. Normally blood flows into ventricles from atria without any systole. During atrial systole, deoxygenated blood
from right atrium flows into right ventricle. The oxygenated blood from left atrium flows into left ventricle.
2. Ventricular Systole (0.3 sec): The action potentials of sino-atrial node reaches the
atrio ventricular node, from where, they are conducted into walls of ventricles through
bundle of His and Purkinje fibres. Thus ventricles contract (at the same time, atria
undergo relaxation). When ventricles contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are
closed (to prevent backward flow of blood into atria) causing the first heart sound lub.
At the same time, deoxygenated blood from right ventricle flows into pulmonary arch and
oxygenated blood from left ventricle flows into the systemic arch.
3. Cardiac Diastole (0.4 sec): Now the ventricles relax. Thus pressure falls, resulting in the closure of semilunar valves at the bases of aortic arches causing second heart sound dup. When the pressure falls further, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open and blood from atria flows into ventricles freely. At this phase all the four chambers of heart are in relaxed state. Soon another cardiac cycle sets in.
Senior Inter Zoology Imp Questions - VSAs
Very Short Answer Questions
Q: Sino atrial node is called the pacemaker of our heart. Why?
A: Sino atrial node is formed by cardiomyocytes. It has ability to generate action
potentials without any external stimuli. Hence it is called pacemaker.
Q: Name the valves that guard the left and right atrio-ventricular apertures in man.
A: a. Left atrioventricular aperture: Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
b. Right atrioventricular aperture: Tricuspid valve.
Q: What are columns of Bertin?
A: In human kidney, among renal pyramids, cortex projects into medulla as columns of Bertin.
Q: Define glomerular filtration.
A: The non energy consuming passive process of filtration of blood from the glomerulus into human of the Bowman's capsule is known as glomerular filtration.
Q: Distinguish between the enzymes renin and rennin.
A: a. Renin catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I which is
concerned with excretory process.
b. Rennin is a digestive enzyme that converts the milk protein caseinogen into paracasein
in presence of Ca++ ions.
Q: Sino atrial node is called the pacemaker of our heart. Why?
A: Sino atrial node is formed by cardiomyocytes. It has ability to generate action
potentials without any external stimuli. Hence it is called pacemaker.
Q: Name the valves that guard the left and right atrio-ventricular apertures in man.
A: a. Left atrioventricular aperture: Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
b. Right atrioventricular aperture: Tricuspid valve.
Q: What are columns of Bertin?
A: In human kidney, among renal pyramids, cortex projects into medulla as columns of Bertin.
Q: Define glomerular filtration.
A: The non energy consuming passive process of filtration of blood from the glomerulus into human of the Bowman's capsule is known as glomerular filtration.
Q: Distinguish between the enzymes renin and rennin.
A: a. Renin catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I which is
concerned with excretory process.
b. Rennin is a digestive enzyme that converts the milk protein caseinogen into paracasein
in presence of Ca++ ions.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)