Q: What is meant by 'hidden anger'?
A: Common man can not afford to buy enough fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish and meat.
So he suffers from micronutrients, proteins and vitamin deficiencies. It is called hidden anger.
Q: Why are plants obtained by protoplast fusion called somatic hybrids?
A: A hybrid is obtained, generally from compatible gamets from different species of the
same genus. If protoplasts of from different varieties of plants with desirable characters are fused and hybrid is obtained, it is called somatic hybridisation as protoblasts belong to vegetative cells. The hydbrid is called somatic hybrid.
Q: What is protoplast fusion?
A: A plant cell without cell wall is called protoplast. The cell wall is digested with cellulase and pectase. It is naked. Then 2 protoplasts of different plants with desirable characters are brought together and can be fused. It is called protoplast fusion.
Q: What is emasculation? Why and when it is done?
A: The removal of stamens in a bisexual flower in bud condition is called emasculation.
Why? To make it a female parent in hybridisation.
When? It should be done in bud condition.
Q: Give 2 important contributions of Dr. M.S Swaminathan?
A: He developed short-duration, high-yielding varieties of rice including scented
Basmathi.
He is known for the collaboration with Norman Borlaug through the introduction of
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona wheat varieties which were high-yielding and disease
resistant.
He is also the initiator of Lab-to-land and food security programme.
Q: Discuss the 2 main limitations of plant hybridisation programme.
A: The desired characters have to be combined from 2 plants (parents) of different
genotype. This is possible by cross hybridising the 2 parents to produce hybrids that
genetically combine the desired characters in one plant.
It is a time-consuming and tedious process because only one in a few hundred to a thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.
Q: Which 2 species of sugarcane were crossed for better yield?
A: Saccharum barberi variety of North India and Saccharum officinarum variety of South
India were crossed for better yield.
Q: Why does 'Swiss cheese' have big holes? Name the bacteria responsible for it.
A: Large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to the production of large amount of CO2 during fermentation. The bacteria responsible for it is Propionibacterium sharmanii.
Q: What are fermentors?
A: Fermentors are very large vessels used in industries in which microbes are grown to
synthesise a number of products like beverages and antibiotics.
Q: Name a microbe used for statin production. How do statins lower blood cholesterol level?
A: Statin is produced from the yeast Monascus purpureus. It acts as competitive inhibitor with the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol. Thus blood
cholesterol level is reduced.
Q: Why do you prefer to call secondary waste water treatment as biological treatment?
A: Major part of the organic matter is effluent in the aeration tank is consumed by aerobic microbes (flocs). The sediment, i.e. activated sludge of the settling tank when pumped into anaerobic sludge digester, anaerobic bacteria digest bacteria and fungi in the sludge. Thus it is a biological treatment.
Q: How has the discovery of antibiotics helped mankind in the field of medicine?
A: Pencillin, the first antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II. Other antibiotics are helpful in the treatment of Plague, Wooping cough, Diphtheria and leprosy and several dreadful diseases. We can not imagine a world without antibiotics.
Q: Why are cyanobacteria considered useful in paddy fields?
A: Cyanobacteria are green, autotrophic, aquatic and also terrestrial. As Rice is semi
aquatic cyanobacteria are considered useful in paddy fields as biofertiliser.
January 6, 2014
Senior Inter Botany 4 Marks Questions - Plants Growth and Development
Q: Pyruvic acid is the end produce of glycolysis. What are the three metabolic fates of
pyruvic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
A: The metabolic fate of pyruvic acid depends on the need of the cell. The three metabolic fates of pyruvic acid are:
1) Aerobic respiration
2) Lactic acid fermentation
3) Alcoholic fermentation
Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen supply and the pyruvic acid converted
to Acetyl coenzyme a enters Kreb’s cycle for further oxidation.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs under inadequate supply of oxygen where pyruvic acid is
reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.
Ex: Muscle cells of animals.
Alcoholic fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol by the enzymes pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.
Both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
produce less energy compared to aerobic respiration.
Q: Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to
a. Induce rooting in a twig
b. Quickly ripen a fruit
c. Delay leaf senescence
d. Induce growth in axillary buds
e. ‘Bolt’ a rosette plant
f. Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves
g. Overcome apical dominance
h. Kill dicotyledonous weeds
A: a) Auxins b) Ethylene
c) Cytokinins d) Cytokinins
e) Gibberellins f) Abscisic acid
g) Cytokinins h) Auxins (2, 4 D)
Q: Explain the importance of Microbiology.
A: Importance of microbiology: A large number of microorganisms are useful to man in many ways. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi cause decomposition of organic wastes and help in the process of humification and mineralization which are important to the nutrient cycles.
Many fungi and bacteria are used for production of antibiotics, alcohols, enzymes and hormones on industrial scale. Bacterial plasmids are used as tools in genetic engineering and bio technology. LAB is used for conversion of milk into curds. Bacteria are also used in sewage treatment.
Some bacteria like Methano coccus and Methano bacillus are useful in production of bio gas. Bacteria are also used as bio control agents in pest and diseases control in agriculture. Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobacter are used as bio fertilizers.
Microorganisms like Nostoc and Anabaena are used as nitrogen fixers in agriculture.
Microbes are presently used in bio-mining for extraction of metals like uranium.
Bacterial DNA components are used as Biosensors to detect toxic pollutants.
They are also used in medical diagnostics, food and fermentation operations.
Bacteria are the real tools in genetic engineering.
Q: What is ICTV? How are viruses named?
A: ICTV stands for International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. It regulates the classification and nomenclature of viruses.
According to ICTV the viruses are classified into three levels, family, genus and species. Viruses are usually named after the disease they cause. Ex: Polio virus and Influenza virus. Using ICTV system AIDS virus is placed under the family Retroviridae, genus Lentivirus and Species Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV).
Q: Explain the structure of TMV.
A: Structure of TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus):
Tobacco mosaic virus causes mosaic disease in Tobacco.
It is rod shaped with helical symmetry.
The size is approximately 300 nm long and 18 nm in diameter with a molecular weight of
39 × 106 Daltons.
The capsid is made up of 2,130 capsomeres which are arranged in a helical manner around the hollow core of 4 nm.
Each capsomere is made up of a polypeptide chain with 158 amino acids.
The spirally coiled RNA contains 6500 nucleotides.
pyruvic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
A: The metabolic fate of pyruvic acid depends on the need of the cell. The three metabolic fates of pyruvic acid are:
1) Aerobic respiration
2) Lactic acid fermentation
3) Alcoholic fermentation
Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen supply and the pyruvic acid converted
to Acetyl coenzyme a enters Kreb’s cycle for further oxidation.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs under inadequate supply of oxygen where pyruvic acid is
reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.
Ex: Muscle cells of animals.
Alcoholic fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol by the enzymes pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.
Both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
produce less energy compared to aerobic respiration.
Q: Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to
a. Induce rooting in a twig
b. Quickly ripen a fruit
c. Delay leaf senescence
d. Induce growth in axillary buds
e. ‘Bolt’ a rosette plant
f. Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves
g. Overcome apical dominance
h. Kill dicotyledonous weeds
A: a) Auxins b) Ethylene
c) Cytokinins d) Cytokinins
e) Gibberellins f) Abscisic acid
g) Cytokinins h) Auxins (2, 4 D)
Q: Explain the importance of Microbiology.
A: Importance of microbiology: A large number of microorganisms are useful to man in many ways. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi cause decomposition of organic wastes and help in the process of humification and mineralization which are important to the nutrient cycles.
Many fungi and bacteria are used for production of antibiotics, alcohols, enzymes and hormones on industrial scale. Bacterial plasmids are used as tools in genetic engineering and bio technology. LAB is used for conversion of milk into curds. Bacteria are also used in sewage treatment.
Some bacteria like Methano coccus and Methano bacillus are useful in production of bio gas. Bacteria are also used as bio control agents in pest and diseases control in agriculture. Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobacter are used as bio fertilizers.
Microorganisms like Nostoc and Anabaena are used as nitrogen fixers in agriculture.
Microbes are presently used in bio-mining for extraction of metals like uranium.
Bacterial DNA components are used as Biosensors to detect toxic pollutants.
They are also used in medical diagnostics, food and fermentation operations.
Bacteria are the real tools in genetic engineering.
Q: What is ICTV? How are viruses named?
A: ICTV stands for International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. It regulates the classification and nomenclature of viruses.
According to ICTV the viruses are classified into three levels, family, genus and species. Viruses are usually named after the disease they cause. Ex: Polio virus and Influenza virus. Using ICTV system AIDS virus is placed under the family Retroviridae, genus Lentivirus and Species Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV).
Q: Explain the structure of TMV.
A: Structure of TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus):
Tobacco mosaic virus causes mosaic disease in Tobacco.
It is rod shaped with helical symmetry.
The size is approximately 300 nm long and 18 nm in diameter with a molecular weight of
39 × 106 Daltons.
The capsid is made up of 2,130 capsomeres which are arranged in a helical manner around the hollow core of 4 nm.
Each capsomere is made up of a polypeptide chain with 158 amino acids.
The spirally coiled RNA contains 6500 nucleotides.
Senior Inter Botany Imp 2 Marks QAs - Plants, Growth and Developmet
Respiration in plants, Plant growth and development, Bacteria, Viruses: Growth is one of the most conspicuous events in any living organism. It is an irreversible increase expressed in parameters such as size, area, length, height, volume, cell number etc. Let’s learn some important questions and answers related to growth and development in plants.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is the common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic respirations? Where does it
take place?
A: Glycolysis. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Q: Which substance is known as the connecting link between glycolysis and Kreb’s
cycle? How many carbons does it have?
A: Acetyl Co-A. It contains 2 carbons.
Q: Name the mobile electron carriers of the respiratory electron transport chain in the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
A: Ubiquinone. Cytochrome c.
Q: What is the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration? From which complex
does it receive electrons?
A: Oxygen. It receives electrons from Cytochrome c oxidase complex
(a complex with cytochrome a and a3 and 2 copper centres).
Q: What is the disease that formed the basis for the identification of gibberellins in plants? Name the causative fungus of the disease.
A: Bakane or foolish seedling disease. Giberella fuzikuroi is the causative fungus.
Q: What is apical dominance? Name the growth hormone that causes it.
A: The inhibition of lateral bud growth by apical bud due to presence of auxins is called apical dominance. Auxins are responsible for apical dominance.
Q: What is meant by bolting? Which hormone causes bolting?
A: Inter nodal elongation prior to flowering is called bolting. Gibberellins cause bolting.
Q: Define respiratory climacteric. Name the PGR associated with it.
A: The increase in rate of respiration during fruit ripening is called respiratory climacteric. Ethylene is associated with respiratory climacteric.
Q: Which of the PGRs is called stress hormone and why?
A: Abscisic acid is called stress hormone. It reduces the rate of transpiration under
drought conditions by causing closure of stomata.
Q: Define the terms quiescence and dormancy.
A: Quiescence is the inability of the seed to germinate due to unfavourable conditions
like low or high temperature and moisture. Dormancy is the inability of the seed to germinate even under favourable conditions of temperature and moisture.
Q: Name the bacterium which is common inhabitant of human intestine. How is it used
in biotechnology?
A: Escherichia coli. The plasmids of E.coli are used as vectors during genetic engineering in biotechnology.
Q: What are pleomorphic bacteria? Give an example.
A: The bacteria that change their shape depending upon the type of environment and nutrients available are called pleomorphic bacteria. Ex: Acetobacter.
Q: What is Genophore?
A: Genophore is the bacterial chromosome which acts as the main genetic material.
Q: What is plasmid? What is its significance?
A: Small circular double stranded DNA molecules in bacterial cells are called plasmids.
They contain few genes and confer resistance to drugs. They also produce toxins and enzymes. As they can be readily manipulated and transferred they are used in genetic engineering.
Q: What is conjugation? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA between the living donor and the living
recipient bacterial cells through a conjugation tube. It was first discovered by Lederberg and Tatum in Escherichia coli.
Q: What is transformation? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA fragments from the surrounding environment and incorporation of DNA into the genome of a bacterial cell and expression of that genetic information in it. It was discovered by Frederick Griffith in Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
Q: What is transduction? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Transduction is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage virus. It was discovered by Lederberg and Zinder in Salmonella
typhimurium.
Q: What is the shape of T4 phage? What is its genetic material?
A: Tad pole shape with polyhedral head and helical tail.
Genetic material – RNA.
Q: What are virulent phages? Give an example.
A: The bacteriophages that attack bacterial cells and cause lysis of the cells are called virulent phages. Ex: T-even phages (T4 phage)
Q: Define ‘lysis’ and ‘burst size’ with reference to viruses and their effects on host cells.
A: Lysis: The breakage of bacterial cell wall to release newly synthesized phage particles is called lysis.
Burst size: The number of newly synthesized phage particles released from a single host
cell is called burst size (50 to 200).
Q: What is lysozyme and what is its function?
A: Lysozyme is a viral enzyme that is produced by bacterial cell and causes dissolution of plasma membrane of the host cell. It helps in breaking of bacterial cell wall to liberate newly synthesized bacteriophages.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is the common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic respirations? Where does it
take place?
A: Glycolysis. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Q: Which substance is known as the connecting link between glycolysis and Kreb’s
cycle? How many carbons does it have?
A: Acetyl Co-A. It contains 2 carbons.
Q: Name the mobile electron carriers of the respiratory electron transport chain in the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
A: Ubiquinone. Cytochrome c.
Q: What is the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration? From which complex
does it receive electrons?
A: Oxygen. It receives electrons from Cytochrome c oxidase complex
(a complex with cytochrome a and a3 and 2 copper centres).
Q: What is the disease that formed the basis for the identification of gibberellins in plants? Name the causative fungus of the disease.
A: Bakane or foolish seedling disease. Giberella fuzikuroi is the causative fungus.
Q: What is apical dominance? Name the growth hormone that causes it.
A: The inhibition of lateral bud growth by apical bud due to presence of auxins is called apical dominance. Auxins are responsible for apical dominance.
Q: What is meant by bolting? Which hormone causes bolting?
A: Inter nodal elongation prior to flowering is called bolting. Gibberellins cause bolting.
Q: Define respiratory climacteric. Name the PGR associated with it.
A: The increase in rate of respiration during fruit ripening is called respiratory climacteric. Ethylene is associated with respiratory climacteric.
Q: Which of the PGRs is called stress hormone and why?
A: Abscisic acid is called stress hormone. It reduces the rate of transpiration under
drought conditions by causing closure of stomata.
Q: Define the terms quiescence and dormancy.
A: Quiescence is the inability of the seed to germinate due to unfavourable conditions
like low or high temperature and moisture. Dormancy is the inability of the seed to germinate even under favourable conditions of temperature and moisture.
Q: Name the bacterium which is common inhabitant of human intestine. How is it used
in biotechnology?
A: Escherichia coli. The plasmids of E.coli are used as vectors during genetic engineering in biotechnology.
Q: What are pleomorphic bacteria? Give an example.
A: The bacteria that change their shape depending upon the type of environment and nutrients available are called pleomorphic bacteria. Ex: Acetobacter.
Q: What is Genophore?
A: Genophore is the bacterial chromosome which acts as the main genetic material.
Q: What is plasmid? What is its significance?
A: Small circular double stranded DNA molecules in bacterial cells are called plasmids.
They contain few genes and confer resistance to drugs. They also produce toxins and enzymes. As they can be readily manipulated and transferred they are used in genetic engineering.
Q: What is conjugation? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA between the living donor and the living
recipient bacterial cells through a conjugation tube. It was first discovered by Lederberg and Tatum in Escherichia coli.
Q: What is transformation? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA fragments from the surrounding environment and incorporation of DNA into the genome of a bacterial cell and expression of that genetic information in it. It was discovered by Frederick Griffith in Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
Q: What is transduction? Who discovered it and in which organism?
A: Transduction is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage virus. It was discovered by Lederberg and Zinder in Salmonella
typhimurium.
Q: What is the shape of T4 phage? What is its genetic material?
A: Tad pole shape with polyhedral head and helical tail.
Genetic material – RNA.
Q: What are virulent phages? Give an example.
A: The bacteriophages that attack bacterial cells and cause lysis of the cells are called virulent phages. Ex: T-even phages (T4 phage)
Q: Define ‘lysis’ and ‘burst size’ with reference to viruses and their effects on host cells.
A: Lysis: The breakage of bacterial cell wall to release newly synthesized phage particles is called lysis.
Burst size: The number of newly synthesized phage particles released from a single host
cell is called burst size (50 to 200).
Q: What is lysozyme and what is its function?
A: Lysozyme is a viral enzyme that is produced by bacterial cell and causes dissolution of plasma membrane of the host cell. It helps in breaking of bacterial cell wall to liberate newly synthesized bacteriophages.
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