KL University (Koneru Lakshmaiah University), a part of Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation has issued notification for 4th convocation to be held on 29th December 2014. Details of applications are given below.
The university will confer Ph.D, PG and UG degree for the candidates who have successfully completed their programmes of study during the academic year 2013-14.
Application forms can be downloaded from the website at www.kluniversity.in . The forms are also available with the office of the Controller of Examinations. Filled in application forms should reach the controller of examinations by 22nd December 2014.
Address: KL University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Phone: 0863 - 2399999.
Senior Inter Botany - Short Answer Type Questions and Answers
Q: Write short notes on restriction enzymes.
A: Restriction enzymes:
Restriction enzymes are known to restrict growth of bacteriophages in bacteria.
Nearly 900 restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria.
Each restriction enzyme recognises a different recognition sequence on DNA.
Restriction enzymes belong to the enzyme sub-class nucleases.
They are of two types:
Exonucleases and Endonucleases.
Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
Endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within DNA.
For Example EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that recognises a
palindromic sequence on DNA and cuts between G and A.
Restriction enzyme cause staggered cuts and create sticky ends in DNA.
These enzymes are used in genetic engineering to form recombinant DNA molecules.
Q: What are different methods of insertion of recombinant DNA into the
host cell?
A: The recombinant DNA may be inserted into the host cell by any of
the following methods:
Heat shock: The host cells are incubated with rDNA on ice followed by
a heat shock at 42° temperature and putting them back on
ice. This enables the bacteria to take up rDNA.
Micro injection: In animals recombinant DNA is directly injected into
the nucleus using micro-injection.
Biolistic or gene gun method: This method is used for plant cells. The
host cells are bombarded with high velocity micro particles of gold or
tungsten coated with DNA.
Disarmed pathogen: In this method disarmed pathogen vectors are
allowed to infect the host cell to transfer the rDNA into the host.
Q: List out the beneficial aspects of transgenic plants.
A: Plants with desirable characters created through gene transfer
methods are called transgenic plants. Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium
tumifaciens is used as vector to transfer genes in plants. Some of the
beneficial aspects of transgenic plants are:
Transgenic plants are resistant to pathogens and pests.
Ex: Transgenic papaya (resistant to ring spot virus),
Transgenic tomato (resistant to bacterium Pseudomonas) and Transgenic
potato resistant to the fungus Phytophthora).
They are made suitable for food processing by developing an
impermeable fruit wall and bruise resistance for long storage and
higher shelf life. Ex: Flavr Savr tomato
Some transgenic plants have improved nutritional value. Ex: Golden
rice from Taipei enriched with vitamin A.
They may be made male sterile so as to reduce the cost of emasculation
and hybrid seed production. Ex: Brassica napus
Some of them are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by cold, drought,
salt and heat.
Ex: Basmati rice, Roundup ready soyabean.
A: Restriction enzymes:
Restriction enzymes are known to restrict growth of bacteriophages in bacteria.
Nearly 900 restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria.
Each restriction enzyme recognises a different recognition sequence on DNA.
Restriction enzymes belong to the enzyme sub-class nucleases.
They are of two types:
Exonucleases and Endonucleases.
Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
Endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within DNA.
For Example EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that recognises a
palindromic sequence on DNA and cuts between G and A.
Restriction enzyme cause staggered cuts and create sticky ends in DNA.
These enzymes are used in genetic engineering to form recombinant DNA molecules.
Q: What are different methods of insertion of recombinant DNA into the
host cell?
A: The recombinant DNA may be inserted into the host cell by any of
the following methods:
Heat shock: The host cells are incubated with rDNA on ice followed by
a heat shock at 42° temperature and putting them back on
ice. This enables the bacteria to take up rDNA.
Micro injection: In animals recombinant DNA is directly injected into
the nucleus using micro-injection.
Biolistic or gene gun method: This method is used for plant cells. The
host cells are bombarded with high velocity micro particles of gold or
tungsten coated with DNA.
Disarmed pathogen: In this method disarmed pathogen vectors are
allowed to infect the host cell to transfer the rDNA into the host.
Q: List out the beneficial aspects of transgenic plants.
A: Plants with desirable characters created through gene transfer
methods are called transgenic plants. Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium
tumifaciens is used as vector to transfer genes in plants. Some of the
beneficial aspects of transgenic plants are:
Transgenic plants are resistant to pathogens and pests.
Ex: Transgenic papaya (resistant to ring spot virus),
Transgenic tomato (resistant to bacterium Pseudomonas) and Transgenic
potato resistant to the fungus Phytophthora).
They are made suitable for food processing by developing an
impermeable fruit wall and bruise resistance for long storage and
higher shelf life. Ex: Flavr Savr tomato
Some transgenic plants have improved nutritional value. Ex: Golden
rice from Taipei enriched with vitamin A.
They may be made male sterile so as to reduce the cost of emasculation
and hybrid seed production. Ex: Brassica napus
Some of them are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by cold, drought,
salt and heat.
Ex: Basmati rice, Roundup ready soyabean.
Senior Inter Botany Important Questions - Very Short Answer Type
Q: What are molecular scissors? Where are they obtained from?
A: Restriction enzymes are called molecular scissors. They are
obtained from bacteria.
Q: What is EcoRI? How does it function?
A: EcoRI is a kind of restriction enzyme obtained from Escherichia
coli bacteria. It cuts the DNA at specific sites between G (Guanine)
and A (Adenine).
Q: What are cloning vectors? Give an example.
A: Vectors used for multiplying foreign DNA sequences are called
cloning vectors.
Ex: Plasmids, Bacteriophages, cosmids, Artificial chromosomes (any one)
Q: What is recombinant DNA?
A: The DNA formed due to ligation of source DNA to a vector DNA is
called recombinant DNA or Chimaeric DNA.
Q: What is full form of PCR? How is it useful in biotechnology?
A: PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is used for amplification of
genes and DNA fingerprinting.
Q: How does one visualize DNA on an agar gel?
A: We can visualize DNA on agar gel by staining it with Ethidium
bromide and exposing to UV light.
Q: How can you differentiate between exonucleases and endonucleases?
A: Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA whereas
endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the DNA.
Q: Give different types of cry genes and pests which are controlled by
the proteins encoded by these genes.
A: Cry IAc and Cry II Ab - control cotton boll worm. Cry IIAb -
controls corn borer.
Q: What is GEAC and what are its objectives?
A: GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
Objectives: It makes decisions regarding
The validity of GM research.
Safety of introducing GM organisms for public services.
Q: Name the nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants. Name
the strategy adopted to prevent this infestation.
A: Meloidegyne incognitia. RNA interference.
Q: Give one example for each of transgenic plants which are suitable
for food processing and those with improved nutritional quality.
A: Food processing - Flavr Savr tomato
Improved nutritional quality - Golden Rice
(Taipei Rice) enriched with vitamin A.
Q: What is green revolution? Who is regarded as Father of green revolution?
A: A dramatic increase in agricultural production due to use of
improved varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improved
irrigational facilities, better agricultural management strategies and
land reforms is called green revolution.
Norman Borlaug is considered as the 'Father of Green Revolution'.
A: Restriction enzymes are called molecular scissors. They are
obtained from bacteria.
Q: What is EcoRI? How does it function?
A: EcoRI is a kind of restriction enzyme obtained from Escherichia
coli bacteria. It cuts the DNA at specific sites between G (Guanine)
and A (Adenine).
Q: What are cloning vectors? Give an example.
A: Vectors used for multiplying foreign DNA sequences are called
cloning vectors.
Ex: Plasmids, Bacteriophages, cosmids, Artificial chromosomes (any one)
Q: What is recombinant DNA?
A: The DNA formed due to ligation of source DNA to a vector DNA is
called recombinant DNA or Chimaeric DNA.
Q: What is full form of PCR? How is it useful in biotechnology?
A: PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is used for amplification of
genes and DNA fingerprinting.
Q: How does one visualize DNA on an agar gel?
A: We can visualize DNA on agar gel by staining it with Ethidium
bromide and exposing to UV light.
Q: How can you differentiate between exonucleases and endonucleases?
A: Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA whereas
endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the DNA.
Q: Give different types of cry genes and pests which are controlled by
the proteins encoded by these genes.
A: Cry IAc and Cry II Ab - control cotton boll worm. Cry IIAb -
controls corn borer.
Q: What is GEAC and what are its objectives?
A: GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
Objectives: It makes decisions regarding
The validity of GM research.
Safety of introducing GM organisms for public services.
Q: Name the nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants. Name
the strategy adopted to prevent this infestation.
A: Meloidegyne incognitia. RNA interference.
Q: Give one example for each of transgenic plants which are suitable
for food processing and those with improved nutritional quality.
A: Food processing - Flavr Savr tomato
Improved nutritional quality - Golden Rice
(Taipei Rice) enriched with vitamin A.
Q: What is green revolution? Who is regarded as Father of green revolution?
A: A dramatic increase in agricultural production due to use of
improved varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improved
irrigational facilities, better agricultural management strategies and
land reforms is called green revolution.
Norman Borlaug is considered as the 'Father of Green Revolution'.
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