Q: What is self-incompatibility?
A: The inability of pollen to germinate on the stigma of the same flower is called selfincompatibility or self-sterility.
Ex: Abutilon
Q: Which is the triploid tissue in a fertilized ovule? How is the triploid condition
achieved?
A: Endosperm.
Triploid condition is achieved by fertilization of second male gamete with two polar
nuclei of central cell to form a primary endosperm nucleus. The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides and forms endosperm in fertilized ovule (seed).
Q: What is the function of two male gametes produced by each pollen grain in
angiosperms.
A: The first male gamete fuses with the female egg cell to form a zygote (fertilization
or syngamy).
The second male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus (triple fusion) to
form PEN (Primary endosperm nucleus) which gives rise to endosperm.
Q: Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female
gametophyte take place.
A: Male gametophyte - pollen grain.
Female gametophyte (embryosac) - nucellus of the ovule.
Q: Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
A: Dichogamy
Herkogamy
Q: Why do you think the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule?
A: Zygote is dependent for its nourishment on the endosperm to form an embryo.
Hence it is dormant for some time until some endosperm is formed.
Q: What is meant by scutellum? In which type of seeds it is present?
A: The cotyledon of a monocot embryo is called scutellum. It is present in monocot
seeds Ex: Grasses.
Q: Define with examples endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.
A: Endospermic seeds - castor and coconut
Non endospermic seeds - groundnut, beans and peas.
IPE Junior Inter Botany Important Questions - 4 Marks from Taxonomy
Q: Describe the essential floral parts of plants belonging to Liliaceae.
A: Androecium and gynoecium are the essential floral parts. In Liliaceae the androecium
and gynoecium show the following features:
Androecium: six stamens in two whorls of three each, free or epiphyllous (attached to
tepals), anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and show longitudinal dehiscence.
Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with ovules on
axile placentation. Style is terminal, stigma trifid or capitate.
Q: Write a brief account on the class of Dicotyledonae of Bentham and Hooker's
classification.
A: Bentham and Hooker divided flowering plants into three classes:
Dicotyledonae
Gymnospermae and
Monocotyledonae
Dicotyledonae: The class dicotyledonae is divided into three subclasses based on the
number of perianth whorls and their union. They are: Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and,
Monochlamydae.
The sub class polypetalae is divided into three series:
Thalamiflorae with 6 cohorts (orders)
Disciflorae (with 4 cohorts)
Calyciflorae (5 cohorts)
The subclass gamopetalae is divided into three series:
Inferae (3 cohorts)
Heteromerae (3 cohorts) and
Bicarpellatae (4 cohorts)
The sub class monochlamydae is divided into 8 series (not divided into cohorts).
Each cohort is further divided into natural orders (families). The dicotyledonae contains 165 natural orders.
Q: Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
A: Economic importance of Fabaceae: The plants are a good source of proteins (pulses).
Ex: Cajanus, Cicer
Pods of beans are used as vegetables. Ex: Phaseolus
Edible oil is obtained from soya bean and groundnut. Ex: Arachis
Timber is produced by rose wood. Ex: Dalbergia
Blue dye from Indigofera and yellow dye from Butea are obtained.
Derris is used in medicine.
Crotalaria, Phaseolus are used as fodder.
Sesbania and Tephrosia are used as green manure.
A: Androecium and gynoecium are the essential floral parts. In Liliaceae the androecium
and gynoecium show the following features:
Androecium: six stamens in two whorls of three each, free or epiphyllous (attached to
tepals), anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and show longitudinal dehiscence.
Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with ovules on
axile placentation. Style is terminal, stigma trifid or capitate.
Q: Write a brief account on the class of Dicotyledonae of Bentham and Hooker's
classification.
A: Bentham and Hooker divided flowering plants into three classes:
Dicotyledonae
Gymnospermae and
Monocotyledonae
Dicotyledonae: The class dicotyledonae is divided into three subclasses based on the
number of perianth whorls and their union. They are: Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and,
Monochlamydae.
The sub class polypetalae is divided into three series:
Thalamiflorae with 6 cohorts (orders)
Disciflorae (with 4 cohorts)
Calyciflorae (5 cohorts)
The subclass gamopetalae is divided into three series:
Inferae (3 cohorts)
Heteromerae (3 cohorts) and
Bicarpellatae (4 cohorts)
The sub class monochlamydae is divided into 8 series (not divided into cohorts).
Each cohort is further divided into natural orders (families). The dicotyledonae contains 165 natural orders.
Q: Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
A: Economic importance of Fabaceae: The plants are a good source of proteins (pulses).
Ex: Cajanus, Cicer
Pods of beans are used as vegetables. Ex: Phaseolus
Edible oil is obtained from soya bean and groundnut. Ex: Arachis
Timber is produced by rose wood. Ex: Dalbergia
Blue dye from Indigofera and yellow dye from Butea are obtained.
Derris is used in medicine.
Crotalaria, Phaseolus are used as fodder.
Sesbania and Tephrosia are used as green manure.
Junior Inter Botany Imp 4 Marks Questions from Taxonomy of Angiosperms
Q: Write a brief note on semi technical description of a typical flowering plant.
A: Description of parts of a flowering plant is necessary for characterization, identification and classification of plants. Technical terms are used to describe the habit, habitat, vegetative characters (roots, stem and leaves) and floral characters like inflorescence, flower in general and detail, fruit, seed, pollination etc.
A typical flowering plant is described using technical terminology as follows:
Habit: Herb/ Shrub/ Tree/ Climber etc.
Habitat: Mesophyte/ xerophytes/ hydrophyte etc.
Vegetative characters:
Root: Taproot/ Fibrous root/ Modifications if any.
Stem: Woody/ herbaceous/ climber/ creeper etc
Leaf: Radical/ cauline/ venation/ phyllotaxy
Floral characters:
Inflorescence: Position and type
Flower: general description like presence or absence of bracts, bracteoles etc, merosity, sexuality, symmetry and type based on position of the ovary.
Calyx: No. of sepals, union, aestivation.
Corolla: No. of petals, union, aestivation etc.
Androecium: No. of stamens, their union, anthers etc.
Gynoecium: No. and union of carpels, No. of
locules, position of ovary, placentation etc.
Pollination: Self or cross pollination, contrivances and mechanisms.
Fruit: type
Seed: Dicot or monocot, endospermic or non endospermic.
Q: Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
A: Calyx and corolla are the non-essential floral parts. In Fabaceae the calyx and corolla show the following features:
Calyx: Sepals five, gamosepalous (united), valvate or imbricate aestivation, odd sepal
anterior.
Corolla: Five petals, polypetalous (free), papilionaceous corolla with one large standard petal, two lateral wing petals and two anterior fused petals called keel petals. The keel petals enclose essential organs. The odd petal is posterior. Vexillary or descendingly imbricate aestivation.
Q: Give an account of floral diagram.
A: Floral diagram and floral formula are used to describe the flower precisely.
Floral diagram gives information about the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and interrelationships with one another.
The axis represents the posterior side and indicated as a dot or circle on the top of the floral diagram.
The bract represents the anterior side and indicated at the bottom of the floral diagram.
If bracteoles are present they are indicated beside the bract.
The four whorls of a flower calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are indicated as
successive whorls from outside to inside.
The outermost whorl is the calyx and the innermost whorl represents gynoecium.
Floral formula is usually written below the floral diagram to describe the flower with
symbols and numbers.
A: Description of parts of a flowering plant is necessary for characterization, identification and classification of plants. Technical terms are used to describe the habit, habitat, vegetative characters (roots, stem and leaves) and floral characters like inflorescence, flower in general and detail, fruit, seed, pollination etc.
A typical flowering plant is described using technical terminology as follows:
Habit: Herb/ Shrub/ Tree/ Climber etc.
Habitat: Mesophyte/ xerophytes/ hydrophyte etc.
Vegetative characters:
Root: Taproot/ Fibrous root/ Modifications if any.
Stem: Woody/ herbaceous/ climber/ creeper etc
Leaf: Radical/ cauline/ venation/ phyllotaxy
Floral characters:
Inflorescence: Position and type
Flower: general description like presence or absence of bracts, bracteoles etc, merosity, sexuality, symmetry and type based on position of the ovary.
Calyx: No. of sepals, union, aestivation.
Corolla: No. of petals, union, aestivation etc.
Androecium: No. of stamens, their union, anthers etc.
Gynoecium: No. and union of carpels, No. of
locules, position of ovary, placentation etc.
Pollination: Self or cross pollination, contrivances and mechanisms.
Fruit: type
Seed: Dicot or monocot, endospermic or non endospermic.
Q: Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
A: Calyx and corolla are the non-essential floral parts. In Fabaceae the calyx and corolla show the following features:
Calyx: Sepals five, gamosepalous (united), valvate or imbricate aestivation, odd sepal
anterior.
Corolla: Five petals, polypetalous (free), papilionaceous corolla with one large standard petal, two lateral wing petals and two anterior fused petals called keel petals. The keel petals enclose essential organs. The odd petal is posterior. Vexillary or descendingly imbricate aestivation.
Q: Give an account of floral diagram.
A: Floral diagram and floral formula are used to describe the flower precisely.
Floral diagram gives information about the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and interrelationships with one another.
The axis represents the posterior side and indicated as a dot or circle on the top of the floral diagram.
The bract represents the anterior side and indicated at the bottom of the floral diagram.
If bracteoles are present they are indicated beside the bract.
The four whorls of a flower calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are indicated as
successive whorls from outside to inside.
The outermost whorl is the calyx and the innermost whorl represents gynoecium.
Floral formula is usually written below the floral diagram to describe the flower with
symbols and numbers.
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