10th Physical Sciences - Important Statements:
1) Aufbau's principle: Aufbau's principle states that electron occupies the orbital having the least energy.
2) Pauli's exclusion principle: Pauli's exclusion principle states that no two electrons will have all the four quantum numbers same.
3) Hund's rule: Hund's rule states that electron pairing takes place only after all the available degenerate orbitals are occupied by one electron each.
4) Octet configuration: The filling up of valence orbital with 8 electrons is referred to
as 'octet configuration'.
5) Mendeleef's periodic law: Mendeleef's periodic law states that the properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic weights.
6) Modern periodic law: Modern periodic law states that 'The properties of elements are
periodic functions of their atomic numbers'.
10th Physics - English Medium - Imp Definitions
The definitions, statements helps for an easy revision and quick recapitulation of the subject. This is very much helpful in answering 1 and 2 marks, objective questions in the public examination and to be successful in the academics.
1) Atomic orbital: The region in space where there is finite probability of finding electron is called atomic orbital.
2) Atomic radius: Atomic radius is defined as the distance between the nucleus and outermost orbitals of an atom.
3) Ionisation energy: Ionisation energy or Ionisation potential is defined as the minimum energy required to remove an electron from outermost orbital of an atom in gaseous state.
4) Electron affinity: Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom in the ground state.
5) Ionic bond: The chemical bond formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom is called Ionic bond (also called electrovalent bond).
6) Covalent Bond: The bond formed by the share of electrons between two atoms is
called covalent bond.
7) Coordinate covalent bond: The bond in which one of the two combining atoms contributes the electrons and those are shared by both the atoms is called 'coordinate covalent bond'.
8) Oxidation: Addition of oxygen to a given compound or removal of hydrogen from the
compound is called oxidation.
9) Reduction: Addition of hydrogen to a given compound or removal of oxygen from the
compound is called reduction.
10) Electronegativity: The ability of a bonded atom in a molecule to attract the bonded pair of electrons towards itself is called electronegativity or non-metallic character.
11) Electro positive character: The ability of an atom to loose one or more electrons to become a positive ion is called electropositive character or metallic character.
12) Solution: A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution.
13) Solute: The substance which is present in small scale in a solution is called solute.
14) Solvent: The substance which is present in large scale in a solution is called solvent.
15) Weight percentage: The weight of the solute present in 100 grams of solution is called weight percentage.
16) Volume percentage: The volume of solute (in ml) present in 100 ml. of solution is called 'volume percentage'.
17) Solubility of a solute: The amount of solute present in 100 grams of solvent at constant temperature is called the 'Solubility of a Solute'.
18) Absorption Coefficient: Absorption Coefficient is defined as the volume of the
gas reduced to NTP dissolved by unit volume of a solvent at the temperature of the
experiment under the pressure of 1 atms. of the gas.
19) Molarity: Molarity is defined as the number of moles (or gram moles) of
a solute present in 1 litre of solution.
20) Mole Fraction: Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of number of moles of constituent to the total number of moles of all constituents present in the
solution.
1) Atomic orbital: The region in space where there is finite probability of finding electron is called atomic orbital.
2) Atomic radius: Atomic radius is defined as the distance between the nucleus and outermost orbitals of an atom.
3) Ionisation energy: Ionisation energy or Ionisation potential is defined as the minimum energy required to remove an electron from outermost orbital of an atom in gaseous state.
4) Electron affinity: Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom in the ground state.
5) Ionic bond: The chemical bond formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom is called Ionic bond (also called electrovalent bond).
6) Covalent Bond: The bond formed by the share of electrons between two atoms is
called covalent bond.
7) Coordinate covalent bond: The bond in which one of the two combining atoms contributes the electrons and those are shared by both the atoms is called 'coordinate covalent bond'.
8) Oxidation: Addition of oxygen to a given compound or removal of hydrogen from the
compound is called oxidation.
9) Reduction: Addition of hydrogen to a given compound or removal of oxygen from the
compound is called reduction.
10) Electronegativity: The ability of a bonded atom in a molecule to attract the bonded pair of electrons towards itself is called electronegativity or non-metallic character.
11) Electro positive character: The ability of an atom to loose one or more electrons to become a positive ion is called electropositive character or metallic character.
12) Solution: A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution.
13) Solute: The substance which is present in small scale in a solution is called solute.
14) Solvent: The substance which is present in large scale in a solution is called solvent.
15) Weight percentage: The weight of the solute present in 100 grams of solution is called weight percentage.
16) Volume percentage: The volume of solute (in ml) present in 100 ml. of solution is called 'volume percentage'.
17) Solubility of a solute: The amount of solute present in 100 grams of solvent at constant temperature is called the 'Solubility of a Solute'.
18) Absorption Coefficient: Absorption Coefficient is defined as the volume of the
gas reduced to NTP dissolved by unit volume of a solvent at the temperature of the
experiment under the pressure of 1 atms. of the gas.
19) Molarity: Molarity is defined as the number of moles (or gram moles) of
a solute present in 1 litre of solution.
20) Mole Fraction: Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of number of moles of constituent to the total number of moles of all constituents present in the
solution.
Senior Inter New Syllabus - Ray Optics Important SA Questions
Q: Explain the formation of mirage.
A: Mirage is an optical-illusion. It is formed due to total internal reflection of light. On a hot summer day, the ground is heated due to radiation of sun. Then the air in lower levels gets heated and its density decreases. As a result its refractive index and optical density decreases. Now rarer medium is formed at lower layers and denser medium exists at upper levels when light ray coming from sun (or) from a tall tree will pass through denser to rarer medium and satisfy i > ic and total internal reflection takes place. As a result an observer gets an impression that reflection of distant object is occurring due to presence of water, but water will not be there. Such
inverted images cause an optical illusion to the observer.
Q: Explain the formation of rainbow.
A: Rainbow is due to dispersion of white light through water drops. Rainbow is the combined effect of dispersion, refraction and total internal reflection of Sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain. Conditions for observing a rainbow are that the Sun should be shining in one part of the sky, while it is raining in the opposite part of the sky. Formation is atleast a three step process. Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a rain drop which causes different colours (different wavelengths).
Red will bend less, blue and violet will bend more. These components will suffer
total internal reflection inside water drop at water-air boundary, and again get refracted at the opposite surface and come out. In this way rainbow is formed on a rainday.
Few important points:
Sunset and Sunrise appear red because least scattering of red colour reaches the
earth and other colours are scattered more and are removed from it.
Sky appears blue due to scttering of sunlight in atomsphere.
Red is used as danger signal because red light is scattered the least and violet is scattered the most.
A: Mirage is an optical-illusion. It is formed due to total internal reflection of light. On a hot summer day, the ground is heated due to radiation of sun. Then the air in lower levels gets heated and its density decreases. As a result its refractive index and optical density decreases. Now rarer medium is formed at lower layers and denser medium exists at upper levels when light ray coming from sun (or) from a tall tree will pass through denser to rarer medium and satisfy i > ic and total internal reflection takes place. As a result an observer gets an impression that reflection of distant object is occurring due to presence of water, but water will not be there. Such
inverted images cause an optical illusion to the observer.
Q: Explain the formation of rainbow.
A: Rainbow is due to dispersion of white light through water drops. Rainbow is the combined effect of dispersion, refraction and total internal reflection of Sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain. Conditions for observing a rainbow are that the Sun should be shining in one part of the sky, while it is raining in the opposite part of the sky. Formation is atleast a three step process. Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a rain drop which causes different colours (different wavelengths).
Red will bend less, blue and violet will bend more. These components will suffer
total internal reflection inside water drop at water-air boundary, and again get refracted at the opposite surface and come out. In this way rainbow is formed on a rainday.
Few important points:
Sunset and Sunrise appear red because least scattering of red colour reaches the
earth and other colours are scattered more and are removed from it.
Sky appears blue due to scttering of sunlight in atomsphere.
Red is used as danger signal because red light is scattered the least and violet is scattered the most.
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