Ans: Human Development Index
The concept of human development index was first used by UNO in 1990. It is
the composite index which covers life expectancy, literacy rate and GDP per capita.
This concept was developed by Mahabub-Ul-Haq and Amarthyasen.
Gender related Development Index (GDI):
It is a composite index measuring average achievement in life expectancy, adult
literacy rate and per capita income between male and female. It was introduced in
1995.
GDI = HDI gender equality
GDI < HDI inequality exists GDI > HDI more inequality exists
Gender Empowerment Measures (GEM):
It indicates whether women are able to actively participate in economic and
political life or not. It focus on gender in equality and participation. It was introduced
in 1995.
Human Poverty Index (HPI):
It indicates the deprivation in the three elements of human life i.e. life expectancy,
knowledge and standard of living. This concept was introduced in 1997.
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